Definition 5.1. Let be an -category. We say that is -cocomplete if admits all -small colimits.
5. Exact sequences
In this section we discuss the various definitions of exact sequence, relating notions for triangulated categories, spectral categories, and stable -categories. Arguably the most fundamental definition is that of an exact sequence of triangulated categories, as it turns out that exact sequences in both spectral and stable -categories can be detected on the level of the homotopy category. Recall that a sequence of triangulated categories
is called exact if the composite is zero, the functor is fully faithful, and the induced functor from the Verdier quotient to is cofinal, i.e., it becomes an equivalence after idempotent completion. Said differently, a triangulated functor is cofinal if every object of is a summand of an object of . The purpose of this section is to develop analogues of these notions for stable -categories.
5.1. The Verdier quotient as the cofiber in
Let denote an infinite regular cardinal. We recall the following terminology from [52, Β§5.3.4].
Most of the small -categories which arise in this paper can be realized as the full subcategory of -compact objects in a stable presentable -category . In this case, we can reconstruct itself as , which formally adjoins -filtered colimits. To make this precise, we recall the notions of -filtered -category, -filtered colimit, and -continuous functor.
Definition 5.2. An -category is -filtered if every map from a -small simplicial set extends to a functor (see [52, 2.1.4.2] for the cone notation). A simplicial set is -filtered if there exists a categorical equivalence for some -filtered -category . Lastly, a -filtered colimit is a colimit indexed by a -filtered simplicial set.
Definition 5.3. Let and be -categories and let be a functor. We say that is -continuous if preserves -filtered colimits.
We write for the -category of small -cocomplete stable -categories and -small colimit-preserving functors thereof; note that if , any small -cocomplete stable -category is necessarily idempotent complete [52, 5.4.2.4]. Given a small -cocomplete stable -category , the -category is a -compactly generated stable -category such that [52, 5.5.7.8, 5.5.7.10].
In fact, provided , restriction to subcategories of -compact objects determines an equivalence between the -category of -compactly generated stable -categories and the -category of small -cocomplete stable -categories, with inverse [52, 5.5.7.10]. As a consequence, corollaryΒ 4.25 implies that the -category of -compactly generated stable -categories is cocomplete.
We now define an analogue of the Verdier quotient of triangulated categories on the level of stable -categories. Specifically, if is a fully faithful functor of stable -categories, then is a fully faithful functor of triangulated categories, and we may form the usual Verdier quotient . This is defined as the initial triangulated category equipped with a triangulated functor such that the composite is trivial [61, 2.1.8].
Definition 5.4. Let be a fully faithful functor of presentable stable -categories (this means that preserves colimits). The Verdier quotient of by is the cofiber of in the -category of presentable stable -categories.
It is useful to identify the Verdier quotient in terms of a Bousfield localization; specifically, we will see that the Verdier quotient is the Bousfield localization of at the arrows with cofiber in .
Lemma 5.5. Let be a presentable -category and be a strongly saturated class of arrows of . Then is of small generation if and only if the full subfunctor
of , spanned by those colimit-preserving functors which carry the arrows in to equivalences in , is corepresentable by a presentable -category . Moreover, in this case, .
Proof. If is of small generation then is presentable and corepresents the functor by [52, 5.5.4.14, 5.5.4.20]. Conversely, if this functor is corepresentable by then the identity determines a colimit-preserving functor . Let be the class of arrows in which become invertible in , and note that , is strongly saturated [52, 5.5.4.10], and is of small generation [52, 5.5.4.16] (the last claim uses the fact that the equivalences in is the strongly saturated class generated by the identity of the initial object of , which follows from [52, 5.5.4.5, 5.5.4.6]). Thus , so also corepresents the functor , showing that a colimit-preserving functor inverts the arrows of if and only if it inverts the arrows of . Since is strongly saturated, we conclude that . β
The preceding lemma now allows us to characterize the cofiber as a localization.
Proposition 5.6. Let be a fully faithful functor of presentable stable -categories and let denote the collection of arrows in whose cones lie in the essential image of . Then is a strongly saturated class of maps in of small generation, and the Verdier quotient is equivalent to the Bousfield localization .
Proof. Let be a presentable stable -category, and note that a colimit-preserving functor sends the arrows in to equivalences in if and only if its restriction to is trivial. We therefore may identify
with the full subcategory spanned by those colimit-preserving functors which send the arrows in to equivalences in . It follows from lemmaΒ 5.5 that , where is the strongly saturated class of arrows of which become equivalences in .
We now show that is strongly saturated, so that . First, suppose given a cofiber sequence in such that lies in the essential image of , and let be any map. Then the cofiber of is equivalence to , so is also in the essential image of . Second, given a diagram in with colimit , and suppose that the cofibers of each lies in the essential image of . Commuting colimits implies that the cofiber of is computed as the colimit of the , and this lies in the essential image of since is closed under colimits and the functor preserves colimits. Lastly, suppose is a composite of followed by , and write , , and for the cofibers of , , and , respectively. Then we have a cofiber sequence , so if any two lie in the essential image of then so does the third. β
In fact, we can be more precise about a generating set for the local equivalences:
Proposition 5.7. Let be a fully faithful inclusion of -compactly generated stable -categories which preserves -compact objects, let be the (small) collection of arrows of whose cofibers lie in the image of , and let be the (large) collection of arrows of whose cofibers lie in the image of . Then the natural map
is an equivalence of -categories, where here and denote the subcategories of local objects.
Proof. Without loss of generality we may identify with its essential image in , so that an arrow is in if and only if any cofiber of lies in . By [52, 5.5.4.15] it suffices to show that , the strongly saturated class of arrows of generated by (see [52, 5.5.4.5]). To see this, let be a cofiber sequence in such that is in . Then is a -filtered colimit of objects and is a -filtered colimit of objects . Now may not be -compact, so write for some and consider the resulting diagram of cofiber sequences
in which the lower right and upper left squares are cartesian, which implies that these two squares are also cocartesian and that the maps and are equivalences. Hence and we conclude that and therefore as well are maps in ; in particular, is an arrow in . It follows from [52, 5.5.4.5] that the pushout of along is in , and we see from [52, 5.5.4.12] that is then also in . β
DefinitionΒ 5.4 leads to the following definition of an exact sequence.
Definition 5.8. A sequence of presentable stable -categories is exact if the composite is trivial, is fully faithful, and the map is an equivalence.
Somewhat surprisingly, as a consequence of the hypothesis of stability we can detect exact sequences on the level of homotopy categories, despite the fact that functors which are fully faithful on homotopy categories are not typically fully faithful as functors of -categories. The following proposition connects the -categorical Verdier quotient of definitionΒ 5.4 to the Verdier quotient of the triangulated homotopy categories.
Proposition 5.9. Let be a fully faithful inclusion of presentable stable -categories. Then the natural map is an equivalence.
Proof. By construction, is the full subcategory on those objects such that for all objects in the image of . This shows that, as full subcategories of , . Conversely, if is in , then for each object in the image of , and we claim that in fact . Indeed, is a stable subcategory of , so that . Hence as well. β
The argument for the previous proposition also implies the following characterization of fully faithful maps; note that here we do not need the hypothesis that the stable -categories are presentable, as we are not working with localizations.
Proposition 5.10. A map of stable -categories is fully faithful if and only if is fully faithful.
Corollary 5.11. A map of stable -categories is an equivalence if and only if is an equivalence.
As we are predominantly interested in sequences of small -categories, we will now extend definitionΒ 5.8 to the -category .
Definition 5.12. A sequence of -cocomplete small stable -categories and -small colimit preserving functors is exact if the sequence
is an exact sequence of presentable stable -categories.
Although weβve defined exact sequences in to be those sequences which are exact in , we can give an intrinsic description. Just as in the presentable case, the quotient will denote the cofiber of the fully faithful inclusion of -cocomplete small stable -categories.
Proposition 5.13. A sequence of -cocomplete small stable -categories and -small colimit preserving functors is exact if and only if the composite is trivial, is fully faithful, and the resulting map is an equivalence (after idempotent completion if ).
Proof. The fully faithful inclusions and show that is fully faithful if and only if is fully faithful (for the reverse direction, this follows from the definition of the mapping spaces in ). Thus it remains to check that is an equivalence upon idempotent completion if and only if . Since preserves cofibers, it is enough to check that the equivalence implies the equivalence whenever the latter are idempotent complete. Thus, given a -cocomplete small stable -category (which we assume is idempotent complete if ), we must show that
is a fiber sequence of -categories. Since , by adjunction this is equivalent to the sequence
which is a fiber sequence by assumption. β
5.2. The Thomason-Neeman localization theorem
In fact, we can further reduce to a criterion on the level of homotopy categories. For this, we need the following proposition. In the proof, we take advantage of the detailed study of localization in the context of (well-generated) triangulated categories by NeemanΒ [61, 62] and KrauseΒ [51] and the fact that the homotopy category of a presentable stable -category is a well-generated triangulated category (seeΒ [53, 1.4.5.2] andΒ [50]).
Proposition 5.14. Let be a fully faithful and -small colimit preserving functor of -cocomplete small stable -categories. Then the natural map
is an equivalence. In other words, the functor preserves quotients of fully faithful functors.
Proof. We have equivalences
where the first equivalence follows from propositionΒ 5.9 and the last equivalence follows from the fact that preserves cofibers. We therefore obtain a commutative (up to natural isomorphism) square
where the right vertical map is fully faithful and the bottom map is an equivalence.
To see that the top vertical map is fully faithful, we use Neemanβs generalization of Thomasonβs localization theorem (see [61, 4.4.9] or Β [62]) to show that the left vertical map is fully faithful. First, since and are presentable, the criterion ofΒ [50] (characterizing well-generated triangulated categories) andΒ [53, 1.4.5.2] imply that is well-generated and (since the map is fully-faithful) the image of is a localizing subcategory generated by a small set of objects. Applying the form of Neemanβs theorem proved by Krause inΒ [51, 7.2.1] now implies that
is a fully faithful map. SinceΒ [53, 1.4.5.1] implies that there is an equivalence and up to idempotent completion (and similarly for ), we conclude that the left vertical map is fully faithful.
Finally, this map is essentially surjective because there is a commutative (up to natural isomorphism) triangle
such that both maps from are essentially surjective. β
Now we can obtain the following correspondence between exact sequences of small stable -categories and exact sequences of triangulated categories.
Proposition 5.15. A sequence of -cocomplete small stable -categories and -small colimit preserving functors is exact if and only if the associated sequence of triangulated categories is exact, in the sense that the composite is trivial, is fully faithful, and the map is an equivalence after idempotent completion.
Proof. Suppose is exact. Then the composite is trivial, is fully faithful, and is an equivalence up to idempotent completion, and so the same must be true on the level of triangulated homotopy categories. Thus it is enough to show that is an equivalence up to idempotent completion, which follows from proposition 5.14. Conversely, suppose that
is exact. Then is fully faithful by proposition 5.10, and the equivalences (the last up to idempotent completion) implies that by corollary 5.11. β
Finally, we record a technical proposition that is used in the context of our construction of non-connective -theory. First, we need a technical lemma about the behavior of the functor.
Lemma 5.16. Let be an exact functor of small stable -categories. Then the induced map of presentable stable -categories preserves -compact objects for all infinite regular cardinals .
Proof. Recall that a right adjoint preserves -filtered colimits if and only if its left adjoint preserves -compact objectsΒ [52, 5.5.1.4]. Since functors which preserve filtered colimits also preserve -filtered colimits and takes exact functors to functors which preserve compact objects, the result follows. β
Note that in the statement of the following proposition, we implicitly use the facts that stable -categories have all finite colimits and exact functors preserve finite colimits.
Proposition 5.17. Let be an exact sequence of small stable -categories. Then for any infinite regular cardinal ,
is an exact sequence of idempotent-complete small stable -categories.
Proof. First, by propositionΒ 5.15, it suffices to check that
is an exact sequence of triangulated categories. Again, we will deduce this from Neemanβs generalization of Thomasonβs localization theorem (see [61, 4.4.9] or Β [62]), as follows. First, observe thatΒ [53, 1.4.5.1] implies that there is an equivalence (and analogous equivalences for the other terms in the sequence). Next, since and are presentable, the criterion ofΒ [50] (characterizing well-generated triangulated categories) andΒ [53, 1.4.5.2] imply that is well-generated and (since the map is fully-faithful) the image of is a localizing subcategory generated by a small set of objects. Once again, the localization theoremΒ [51, 7.2.1] implies that
is an equivalence up to idempotent completion. The hypothesis that is an equivalence up to idempotent completion now implies the result. β
5.3. Split-exact sequences
We will be particularly interested in exact sequences which are split in the following sense.
Definition 5.18. An exact sequence of small -cocomplete stable -categories and -small colimit preserving functors
is called split-exact if there exist exact functors and , right adjoint to and , respectively, such that and via the adjunction morphisms.
We will also be interested in (split-) exact sequences of spectral categories.
Definition 5.19. A sequence of spectral categories is exact if the induced sequence of stable presentable -categories
is exact.
The following characterization is an immediate corollary of propositionΒ 5.15.
Proposition 5.20. A sequence of spectral categories is exact if and only if the induced sequence of triangulated categories
is exact.
Next, observe that we can relate these notions as follows (the proof of which is immediate):
Proposition 5.21. Let be an (split-) exact sequence of small spectral categories. Then is a (split-) exact sequence of small stable -categories.
We also have an essential converse statement.
Proposition 5.22. Let be a (split-) exact sequence of small stable -categories. Then there exists a (split-) exact sequence of small stable spectral categories
such that is naturally equivalent to .
Proof. This follows from propositionΒ 4.28. β
5.4. Approximating split-exact sequences
In order to localize with respect to the (split-) exact sequences, we need to be able to choose a set of representatives which generate them under filtered colimits.
Lemma 5.23. The full subcategory of compact small stable idempotent-complete -categories is essentially small.
Proof. The result follows from the fact that is an accessible localization of , and itself is an accessible localization of the finitely presentable -category of small spectral categories via theoremΒ 1.10. β
This has the following immediate and essential corollary:
Corollary 5.24. For any regular cardinal , there exists a set of representatives of split-exact sequences of -compact small idempotent-complete stable -categories.
It is straightforward to see that filtered colimits of exact sequences of such -categories are exact.
Lemma 5.25. Given a filtered diagram of exact sequences of compact idempotent-complete small stable -categories, the colimit is an exact sequence of idempotent-complete small stable -categories; that is, is fully faithful with cofiber .
Proof. This follows from the fact that the filtered colimit of fully faithful functors is a fully faithful functor and that the cofiber of a filtered colimit of fully faithful functors is equivalent to the filtered colimit of the cofibers. β
The -category of -categories equipped with a localization,
is the subcategory of those functors such that admits a right adjoint with , and maps those transformations which also commute with the adjoint. We have obvious analogues and , and in the stable setting a localization is part of the data of a split-exact sequence. We write
for the subcategory consisting of those diagrams of small stable -categories such that , is fully faithful with cofiber , admits a right adjoint with , and admits a right adjoint with ; maps are those transformations
which also commute with the adjoints, i.e., and .
Proposition 5.26. The functors and , induced by the inclusion , are equivalences.
Proof. First observe that a split-exact sequence is completely determined by the projection together with its section . This is because is the fiber of , which we may identify with the full subcategory of spanned by the such that , and, since is fully faithful, is determined by the composite , the fiber
of the unit map of the adjunction . Hence has contractible (homotopy) fibers and is therefore and equivalence. β
Proposition 5.27. The -category of split-exact sequences of small stable -categories is accessible. In particular, there exists a cardinal such that any split-exact sequence in is a -filtered (and hence filtered) colimit of -compact split-exact sequences in .
Proof. By proposition 5.26, we may equivalently show that is accessible. Recall that an adjunction of -categories can be described as a map which is both a cocartesian fibration and a cartesian fibrationΒ [52, 5.2.2.1]. This leads us to consider the commutative diagram of pullback squares
in which (respectively, ) denote the subcategories of cocartesian fibrations (respectively, cartesian fibrations whose straightenings are fully faithful) and functors which preserve cocartesian (respectively, cartesian) edges.
Since is an accessible functor between accessible -categories, it suffices, using theΒ [52, 5.4.4.3, 5.4.5.16, 5.4.6.6] and the duality between cartesian and cocartesian fibrations, to show that is accessible, and that the inclusions are accessible functors. The straightening functor gives an equivalence between cartesian fibrations over and presheaves of -categories on Β [52, 3.2.0.1].
In order to understand the condition of being fully faithful, we write as an accessible localization of simplicial spacesΒ [47]. A functor is fully faithful when the corresponding map of (local) simplicial spaces is fully faithful, and recall that a map of simplicial spaces is fully faithful if and only if is an equivalence. It follows that is the accessible localization of obtained by also inverting the pushout product of and . Thus and are accessible.
Finally, it remains to show that the inclusion is accessible. First, observe that finite limits commute with filtered colimits in , as is compactly generated, the inclusion preserves limits and filtered colimits [52, 5.3.5.3], and finite limits commute with filtered colimits in presheaf -categories (this uses [52, 5.3.3.3] and the fact that (co)limits in presheaf -categories are computed objectwise). It follows that the filtered colimit of cartesian fibrations , computed in , is itself a cartesian fibration ; indeed, the inclusions preserve cartesian edges over , and inspection of the fibers
over each vertex shows that is also the colimit in . β
5.5. Strict-exact sequences
Definition 5.28. An exact sequence of small stable -categories of the form
| (5.29) |
is called strict-exact if is the inclusion of a full subcategory and any object of which is a summand of an object of is also in . In particular, every split-exact sequence (see definitionΒ 5.18) is equivalent to a strict-exact exact sequence.
We denote by a set of representatives of strict-exact sequences with in .
Proposition 5.30. Any strict-exact sequence is a -filtered colimit of strict-exact sequences in .
Proof. Write as a -filtered colimit of -compact stable -categories , and define to be the full subcategory of consisting of those objects of which lie in the image of . Evidently, is the -filtered colimit of the exact sequences , and is strict-exact because if is a summand of then because the image of in lies in . β
We denote by a set of representatives of maps of the form with in .
Proposition 5.31. Any map of the form is a -filtered colimit of elements of .
Proof. Write as a -filtered colimit of -compact small stable -categories . Then , since (viewed as an endofunctor of ) commutes with -filtered colimits β this follows from the characterization of in terms of a subcategory of the category [52, 5.4.2.4] and the fact that filtered colimits in can be computed in [53, 1.1.4.6]. β
Original source: arXiv:1001.2282v4