ScalingStacks

7.1 Cohomology groups ℋi,j{\cal H}^{i,j}

Setting c=0c=0 and taking ℤ\mathbb{Z} instead of R=ℤ⁡[c]R=\mathbb{Z}[c] as the base ring, everything we did in Sections 2, 4 and 5 goes through in exactly the same manner. The role of the ring AA will be played by the free graded abelian group 𝒜\cal A of rank 22 with generators 𝟏\mathbf{1} and XX in degrees 11 and −1-1 correspondingly. 𝒜\cal A has commutative algebra and cocommutative coalgebra structures:

𝟏2=𝟏,𝟏​X=X​𝟏=X,X2=0\displaystyle\mathbf{1}^{2}=\mathbf{1},\hskip 7.22743pt\mathbf{1}X=X\mathbf{1}=X,\hskip 7.22743ptX^{2}=0 (149)
Δ⁡(𝟏)=𝟏⊗X+X⊗𝟏,Δ⁡(X)=X⊗X\displaystyle\Delta(\mathbf{1})=\mathbf{1}\otimes X+X\otimes\mathbf{1},\hskip 7.22743pt\Delta(X)=X\otimes X (150)

and the identity (16) holds. By abuse of notations, we use mm and Δ\Delta to denote multiplication and comultiplication in 𝒜.{\cal A}. Earlier mm and Δ\Delta were used to denote multiplication and comultiplication in A.A. As in Section 2.3, we construct a functor ℱ\cal F from the category ℳ\mathcal{M} of closed one-manifolds and cobordisms between them to the category of graded abelian groups and graded homomorphisms. To a disjoint union of kk circles functor ℱ\cal F assigns the group 𝒜⊗k.{\cal A}^{\otimes k}. To elementary surfaces S21,S12,S01,S10,S22S_{2}^{1},S_{1}^{2},S_{0}^{1},S_{1}^{0},S_{2}^{2} and S11S_{1}^{1} (see Section 2.3) functor ℱ\cal F assigns maps m,Δ,ι,ϵ,Permm,\Delta,\iota,\epsilon,\mbox{Perm} and Id between suitable tensor powers of 𝒜.{\cal A}. The maps ι:ℤ→𝒜\iota:\mathbb{Z}\to{\cal A} and ϵ:𝒜→ℤ\epsilon:{\cal A}\to\mathbb{Z} are given by

ι⁡(1)=𝟏,ϵ⁡(𝟏)=0,ϵ⁡(X)=1,\iota(1)=\mathbf{1},\hskip 14.45377pt\epsilon(\mathbf{1})=0,\hskip 14.45377pt\epsilon(X)=1, (151)

while Perm is just the permutation map 𝒜⊗𝒜→𝒜⊗𝒜.{\cal A}\otimes{\cal A}\to{\cal A}\otimes{\cal A}.

To a diagram DD of an oriented link LL we can then associate a commutative ℐ\mathcal{I}-cube 𝒱D{\cal V}_{D} of graded abelian groups and grading-preserving homomorphism, by the same procedure as the one described in Section 4.2, using the functor ℱ\cal F instead of FF. In particular, for ℒ⊂ℐ\mathcal{L}\subset\mathcal{I} we have 𝒱D​(ℒ)=ℱ⁡(D⁡(ℒ))​{−|ℒ|}{\cal V}_{D}(\mathcal{L})={\cal F}(D(\mathcal{L}))\{-|\mathcal{L}|\} where {k}\{k\} shifts the grading down by k.k.

Let 𝒜ℬ\cal{AB} be the category of graded abelian groups and grading-preserving homomorphisms. Let ℰℐ{\cal E}_{\mathcal{I}} be the skew-commutative ℐ\mathcal{I}-cube Eℐ⊗RℤE_{\mathcal{I}}\otimes_{R}\mathbb{Z} over 𝒜ℬ.\cal{AB}.

Tensoring 𝒱D{\cal V}_{D} with ℰℐ{\cal E}_{\mathcal{I}} over ℤ,\mathbb{Z}, we get a skew commutative ℐ\mathcal{I}-cube 𝒱D⊗ℰℐ{\cal V}_{D}\otimes{\cal E}_{\mathcal{I}} over the category 𝒜ℬ.\cal{AB}. From this skew-commutative ℐ\mathcal{I}-cube we get a complex 𝒞¯​(𝒱D⊗ℰℐ)\overline{{\cal C}}({\cal V}_{D}\otimes{\cal E}_{\mathcal{I}}) of graded abelian groups with a grading-preserving differential (Section 3.4). Denote this complex by 𝒞¯​(𝒟)\overline{\cal C}(D) and by 𝒞⁡(D){\cal C}(D) the shifted complex

𝒞(D)=𝒞¯(𝒟)[§(𝒟)]{∈§(𝒟)−†(𝒟)}{\cal C}(D)=\overline{\cal C}(D)[x(D)]\{2x(D)-y(D)\} (152)

If we consider ℤ\mathbb{Z} as a graded RR-module, concentrated in degree 0,0, so that c​ℤ=0,c\mathbb{Z}=0, then

𝒞¯​(𝒟)=𝒞¯​(𝒟)⊗ℛ𝒵 and 𝒞⁡(𝒟)=𝒞⁡(𝒟)⊗ℛ𝒵.\overline{\cal C}(D)=\overline{C}(D)\otimes_{R}\mathbb{Z}\hskip 14.45377pt\mbox{ and }\hskip 14.45377pt{\cal C}(D)=C(D)\otimes_{R}\mathbb{Z}. (153)

To a plane diagram DD of an oriented link LL we thus associate a complex of graded abelian groups 𝒞⁡(D){\cal C}(D). Denote the ii-th cohomology group of the jj-th graded summand of 𝒞⁡(D){\cal C}(D) by ℋi,j​(D).{\cal H}^{i,j}(D). These cohomology groups are finitely-generated abelian groups. For each diagram DD as we vary ii and jj over all integers, only a finite number of these groups are non-zero.

0PM2

Theorem 2 For an oriented link L,L, isomorphism classes of abelian groups ℋi,j​(D){\cal H}^{i,j}(D) do not depend on the choice of a diagram DD of LL and are invariants of L.L.

Proof: Set c=0c=0 in the proof of Theorem 1. □\square

For a diagram DD of the link L,L, denote the isomorphism classes of ℋi,j​(D){\cal H}^{i,j}(D) by ℋi,j​(L).{\cal H}^{i,j}(L).

Denote by 𝒞¯i​(D)\overline{{\cal C}}^{i}(D) (respectively, 𝒞i​(D){\cal C}^{i}(D)) the ii-th group of the complex 𝒞¯​(D)\overline{{\cal C}}(D) (respectively, 𝒞⁡(D){\cal C}(D)) and by 𝒞¯ji​(D)\overline{{\cal C}}^{i}_{j}(D) (respectively, by 𝒞ji​(D){\cal C}^{i}_{j}(D)) the jj-th graded component of 𝒞¯i​(D)\overline{{\cal C}}^{i}(D) (respectively, 𝒞i​(D){\cal C}^{i}(D)), so that 𝒞¯i​(D)=⊕j∈ℤ𝒞¯ji​(D),\overline{{\cal C}}^{i}(D)={\mathop{\oplus}\limits_{j\in\mathbb{Z}}}\overline{{\cal C}}^{i}_{j}(D), respectively, 𝒞i​(D)=⊕j∈ℤ𝒞ji​(D).{\cal C}^{i}(D)={\mathop{\oplus}\limits_{j\in\mathbb{Z}}}{{\cal C}}^{i}_{j}(D). For an diagram DD denote by ℋi​(D){\cal H}^{i}(D) the graded abelian group ⊕j∈ℤℋi,j​(D).{\mathop{\oplus}\limits_{j\in\mathbb{Z}}}{\cal H}^{i,j}(D). In other words, ℋi​(D){\cal H}^{i}(D) is the ii-th cohomology group of 𝒞⁡(D).{\cal C}(D). Denote by ℋ¯i​(D)\overline{{\cal H}}^{i}(D) the ii-th cohomology group of the complex 𝒞¯​(𝒟)\overline{\cal C}(D) and by ℋ¯i,j​(D)\overline{{\cal H}}^{i,j}(D) the jj-th graded component of ℋ¯i​(D),\overline{{\cal H}}^{i}(D), so that ℋ¯i​(D)=⊕j∈ℤℋ¯i,j​(D).\overline{{\cal H}}^{i}(D)={\mathop{\oplus}\limits_{j\in\mathbb{Z}}}\overline{{\cal H}}^{i,j}(D).

Original mathematics by the credited authors. Source collection and HTML conversion remain in progress.

Mikhail Khovanov

Original source: arXiv:math/9908171v2