ScalingStacks

5 The ∞\infty-Categorical Eckmann–Hilton Argument[0M3J]

In this final section we prove our main results. In 5.1 we analyze the canonical map from the coproduct to the tensor product of two algebras over a reduced ∞\infty-operad. The main result is that under suitable assumptions, if the ∞\infty-operad is highly connected, then this map is also highly connected (5.1.3). In 5.2 we use the connectivity bound established in 5.1 to analyze the reduced endomorphism operad of an object in an ∞\infty-topos. This analysis recovers and expands on classical results on deloopings of spaces with non-vanishing homotopy groups in a bounded region. In 5.3 we prove our main theorem (5.3.1) and its main corollary: the ∞\infty-categorical Eckmann–Hilton argument (5.3.3). We conclude with some curious applications of the main theorem to some questions regarding tensor products of reduced ∞\infty-operads.

5.1 Coproducts of Algebras[0M3K]

Let 𝒞\mathcal{C} be a symmetric monoidal ∞\infty-category and let 𝒫\mathcal{P} be a reduced ∞\infty-operad. For every two algebras A,B∈Alg𝒫⁡(𝒞)A,B\in\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{P}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right), there is a canonical map of algebras

fA,B:A⊔B→A⊗Bf_{A,B}\colon A\sqcup B\to A\otimes B

formally given by

fA,B=IdA⊗1B⊔1A⊗IdB,f_{A,B}=\operatorname{Id}_{A}\otimes 1_{B}\sqcup 1_{A}\otimes\operatorname{Id}_{B},

where 1A:1→A1_{A}\colon 1\to A and 1B:1→B1_{B}\colon 1\to B are the respective unit maps viewed as maps of algebras (see A.3.2.1).

[05Z7]

Lemma 5.1.1. Let 𝒞\mathcal{C} be a symmetric monoidal ∞\infty-category and let 𝒫\mathcal{P} be a reduced ∞\infty-operad. If 𝒫≄𝔼0\mathcal{P}\not\simeq\mathbb{E}_{0}, then for every pair of algebras A,B∈Alg𝒫⁡(𝒞)A,B\in\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{P}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right), the canonical map

fA,B:A⊔B→A⊗Bf_{A,B}\colon A\sqcup B\to A\otimes B

has a section after we apply the forgetful functor (−)¯:Alg𝒫⁡(𝒞)→𝒞\underline{\left(-\right)}\colon\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{P}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)\to\mathcal{C}.

[05Z8]

Proof. By 3.2.3, if 𝒫≄𝔼0\mathcal{P}\not\simeq\mathbb{E}_{0}, then it is (−1)\left(-1\right)-connected and in particular 𝒫⁡(2)≠∅\mathcal{P}\left(2\right)\neq\varnothing. We shall construct a section to fA,B¯\underline{f_{A,B}} using any binary operation μ∈𝒫⁡(2)\mu\in\mathcal{P}\left(2\right). Let iA:A→A⊔Bi_{A}\colon A\to A\sqcup B and iB:B→A⊔Bi_{B}\colon B\to A\sqcup B be the canonical maps of the coproduct. Define ss to be the composition of the following maps:

A¯⊗B¯→iA¯⊗iB¯(A⊔B¯)⊗(A⊔B¯)→μA⊔BA⊔B¯.\underline{A}\otimes\underline{B}\xrightarrow{\underline{i_{A}}\otimes\underline{i_{B}}}\left(\underline{A\sqcup B}\right)\otimes\left(\underline{A\sqcup B}\right)\xrightarrow{\mu_{A\sqcup B}}\underline{A\sqcup B}.

Now, consider the following diagram in the homotopy category of 𝒞\mathcal{C}:

    (A⊔B¯)⊗(A⊔B¯)    fA,b¯⊗fA,B¯          μA⊔B         A⊔B¯    fA,B¯         A⊗B¯    iA¯⊗iB¯          (IdA⊗1B)⊗(1A⊗IdB)¯          (IdA⊗1A)⊗(1B⊗IdB)¯         (A⊗B¯)⊗(A⊗B¯)    μA⊗B          IdA¯⊗σA¯,B¯⊗IdB¯         A⊗B¯                     (A⊗A¯)⊗(B⊗B¯)    μA⊗μB         A⊗B¯    .\lx@xy@svg{\hbox{\raise 2.5pt\hbox{\kern 5.5pt\hbox{\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\hbox{\vtop{\halign{\entry@#!@&&\entry@@#!@\cr&&&&&&&\cr&&&&&&&\cr&&&&&&&\crcr}}}\ignorespaces{\hbox{\kern-3.0pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 0.0pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 3.0pt\raise-2.5pt\hbox{$\textstyle{}$}}}}}}}{\hbox{\kern 29.5pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 0.0pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 3.0pt\raise-2.5pt\hbox{$\textstyle{}$}}}}}}}{\hbox{\kern 59.5pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 0.0pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 3.0pt\raise-2.5pt\hbox{$\textstyle{}$}}}}}}}{\hbox{\kern 89.5pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 0.0pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 3.0pt\raise-2.5pt\hbox{$\textstyle{}$}}}}}}}{\hbox{\kern 119.5pt\raise 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B}\right)\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces}$}}}}}}}\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces{}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces{\hbox{\kern 176.96321pt\raise-58.15277pt\hbox{{}\hbox{\kern 0.0pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 3.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 0.0pt\raise-1.48613pt\hbox{$\scriptstyle{\mu_{A}\otimes\mu_{B}}$}}}\kern 3.0pt}}}}}}\ignorespaces{\hbox{\kern 242.83344pt\raise-64.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 0.0pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\lx@xy@tip{1}\lx@xy@tip{-1}}}}}}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}{\hbox{\kern 182.83344pt\raise-64.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 0.0pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 3.0pt\raise-2.5pt\hbox{$\textstyle{}$}}}}}}}{\hbox{\kern 212.83344pt\raise-64.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 0.0pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 3.0pt\raise-2.5pt\hbox{$\textstyle{}$}}}}}}}{\hbox{\kern 242.83344pt\raise-64.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 0.0pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 3.0pt\raise-2.5pt\hbox{$\textstyle{\underline{A\otimes B}}$}}}}}}}\ignorespaces}}}}\ignorespaces.

The upper square commutes since fA,Bf_{A,B} is a map of algebras. The upper triangle commutes since it is the tensor product of two triangles, which commute by the very definition of fA,Bf_{A,B}. The lower square commutes by the definition of the algebra structure on A⊗BA\otimes B and the lower triangle also clearly commutes. The composition of the bottom diagonal map and the bottom right map is the identity, since the restriction of μ\mu to the unit in one of the arguments is homotopic to the identity map of the other argument. The composition of the top diagonal map with the top right map is ss. It follows that fA,B¯∘s∼IdA⊗B¯\underline{f_{A,B}}\circ s\sim\operatorname{Id}_{\underline{A\otimes B}}. ∎

[05Z9]

Lemma 5.1.2. Let 𝒞\mathcal{C} and 𝒟\mathcal{D} be symmetric monoidal ∞\infty-categories and let F:𝒞→𝒟F\colon\mathcal{C}\to\mathcal{D} be a symmetric monoidal functor. If F¯:𝒞¯→𝒟¯\underline{F}\colon\underline{\mathcal{C}}\to\underline{\mathcal{D}} is a left adjoint, then the induced functor F⊗:𝒞⊗→𝒟⊗F^{\otimes}\colon\mathcal{C}^{\otimes}\to\mathcal{D}^{\otimes} is a left adjoint relative to 𝐅𝐢𝐧∗\mathbf{Fin}_{*} and for every ∞\infty-operad 𝒫\mathcal{P} the induced functor Alg¯𝒫​(𝒞)→Alg¯𝒫​(𝒟)\underline{\operatorname{Alg}}_{\mathcal{P}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)\to\underline{\operatorname{Alg}}_{\mathcal{P}}\left(\mathcal{D}\right) is a left adjoint.

[05ZA]

Proof. For every ⟨n⟩∈𝐅𝐢𝐧∗\left\langle n\right\rangle\in\mathbf{Fin}_{*}, the restriction of F⊗F^{\otimes} to the fiber over ⟨n⟩\left\langle n\right\rangle is just Fn:𝒞n→𝒟nF^{n}\colon\mathcal{C}^{n}\to\mathcal{D}^{n}, which is clearly a left adjoint. Hence, by A.7.3.2.7, the functor F⊗F^{\otimes} is a left adjoint relative to 𝐅𝐢𝐧∗\mathbf{Fin}_{*}. Let G⊗G^{\otimes} be the right adjoint of F⊗.F^{\otimes}. Applying A.7.3.2.13, we obtain that F⊗F^{\otimes} and G⊗G^{\otimes} induce an adjunction:

Alg¯𝒫​(𝒞)⇆Alg¯𝒫​(𝒟).\underline{\operatorname{Alg}}_{\mathcal{P}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)\leftrightarrows\underline{\operatorname{Alg}}_{\mathcal{P}}\left(\mathcal{D}\right).

∎

In what follows we are going to restrict ourselves to the case of a Cartesian monoidal structure. The next proposition is the key connectivity bound on which the main theorems of this paper rest.

[05ZB]

Proposition 5.1.3. Let 𝒞\mathcal{C} be an mm-topos for some −1≤m≤∞-1\leq m\leq\infty with the Cartesian symmetric monoidal structure and let 𝒫\mathcal{P} be a reduced dd-connected ∞\infty-operad for some d≥−2d\geq-2. For every pair of algebras A,B∈Alg𝒫⁡(𝒞)A,B\in\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{P}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right), the canonical map

fA,B:A⊔B→A×Bf_{A,B}\colon A\sqcup B\to A\times B

is dd-connected.

[05ZC]

Proof. For d=−2d=-2 there is nothing to prove and so we assume that d≥−1d\geq-1. By 4.4.5, it is enough to show that fA,B¯\underline{f_{A,B}} is dd-connected where (−)¯:Alg𝒫⁡(𝒞)→𝒞\underline{\left(-\right)}\colon\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{P}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)\to\mathcal{C} is the forgetful functor. By 4.3.5, it is enough to show that fA,B¯\underline{f_{A,B}} has a section and is (d−12)\left(d-\frac{1}{2}\right)-connected. Since d≥−1d\geq-1, we have 𝒫≠𝔼0\mathcal{P}\neq\mathbb{E}_{0} and, therefore, by 5.1.1, fA,B¯\underline{f_{A,B}} has a section. Thus, we are reduced to showing that the image of fA,B¯\underline{f_{A,B}} under the functor τ≤d𝒞:𝒞→τ≤d​𝒞\tau_{\leq d}^{\mathcal{C}}\colon\mathcal{C}\to\tau_{\leq d}\mathcal{C} is an equivalence. First, we show that τ≤d𝒞\tau_{\leq d}^{\mathcal{C}} preserves binary products. For m=∞m=\infty, this follows from T.6.5.1.2. The general case reduces to m=∞m=\infty as by T.6.4.1.5 we can embed 𝒞\mathcal{C} as a full subcategory of an ∞\infty-topos spanned by the (m−1)\left(m-1\right)-truncated objects. It follows that we get a symmetric monoidal functor τ≤d×:𝒞×→(τ≤d​𝒞)×\tau_{\leq d}^{\times}\colon\mathcal{C}^{\times}\to\left(\tau_{\leq d}\mathcal{C}\right)^{\times}. By 5.1.2, the functor

F:Alg𝒫⁡(𝒞)→Alg𝒫⁡(τ≤d​𝒞)F\colon\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{P}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)\to\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{P}}\left(\tau_{\leq d}\mathcal{C}\right)

induced by τ≤n×\tau_{\leq n}^{\times} is a left adjoint. Consider the following (solid) commutative diagram in the homotopy category of 𝐂𝐚𝐭∞\mathbf{Cat}_{\infty}:

Alg𝒫⁡(𝒞)\textstyle{\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{P}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces}F\scriptstyle{F}Alg𝒫⁡(τ≤d​𝒞)\textstyle{\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{P}}\left(\tau_{\leq d}\mathcal{C}\right)\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces}G′\scriptstyle{G^{\prime}}Alg𝔼∞⁡(τ≤d​𝒞)\textstyle{\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathbb{E}_{\infty}}\left(\tau_{\leq d}\mathcal{C}\right)\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces}G\scriptstyle{G}𝒞\textstyle{\mathcal{C}\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces}τ≤d𝒞\scriptstyle{\tau_{\leq d}^{\mathcal{C}}}τ≤d​𝒞\textstyle{\tau_{\leq d}\mathcal{C}}τ≤d​𝒞,\textstyle{\tau_{\leq d}\mathcal{C},\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces}

where the vertical maps are the forgetful functors and GG is induced by restriction along the essentially unique map 𝒫→𝔼∞\mathcal{P}\to\mathbb{E}_{\infty}. Since τ≤d​𝒞\tau_{\leq d}\mathcal{C} is an essentially (d+1)\left(d+1\right)-category, it follows from 3.1.8 that GG is an equivalence. Taking G′G^{\prime} to be an inverse of GG up to homotopy, the outer rectangle is a commutative square in the homotopy category of 𝐂𝐚𝐭∞\mathbf{Cat}_{\infty}. Therefore, to show that τ≤d𝒞​(fA,B¯)\tau_{\leq d}^{\mathcal{C}}\left(\underline{f_{A,B}}\right) is an equivalence, it is enough to show that G′​(F⁡(fA,B))¯\underline{G^{\prime}\left(F\left(f_{A,B}\right)\right)} is an equivalence. In fact, we shall show that G′​(F⁡(fA,B))G^{\prime}\left(F\left(f_{A,B}\right)\right) is an equivalence. Note that the composition of the left and then bottom functors preserves binary products and since the right vertical functor preserves products and is conservative, it follows that the top functor G′∘FG^{\prime}\circ F also preserves binary products. On the other hand, G′∘FG^{\prime}\circ F also preserves coproducts, since FF is left adjoint (by the above discussion) and GG is an equivalence. Finally, in Alg𝔼∞⁡(τ≤d​𝒞)\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathbb{E}_{\infty}}\left(\tau_{\leq d}\mathcal{C}\right), the canonical map from the coproduct to the product is an equivalence by A.3.2.4.7. ∎

We now apply the above results to the study of reduced endomorphism operads. For every unital ∞\infty-operad 𝒬\mathcal{Q} and a symmetric monoidal ∞\infty-category 𝒞\mathcal{C}, the symmetric monoidal ∞\infty-category Alg𝒬⁡(𝒞)\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{Q}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right) is unital by 2.2.5. Hence, for every X∈Alg𝒬⁡(𝒞)X\in\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{Q}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right) we can consider the reduced endomorphism ∞\infty-operad EndAlg𝒬⁡(𝒞)red⁡(X)\operatorname{End}_{\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{Q}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{red}}}\left(X\right).

[05ZD]

Corollary 5.1.4. Let 𝒬\mathcal{Q} be a reduced nn-connected ∞\infty-operad for some n≥−2n\geq-2 and let 𝒞\mathcal{C} be a (d+1)\left(d+1\right)-topos with the Cartesian symmetric monoidal structure for some d≥−2d\geq-2. For every object X∈Alg𝒬⁡(𝒞)X\in\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{Q}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right), the reduced endomorphism operad EndAlg𝒬⁡(𝒞)red⁡(X)\operatorname{End}_{\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{Q}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{red}}}\left(X\right) is an essentially (d−n−1)\left(d-n-1\right)-operad (ie all multi-mapping spaces are (d−n−2)\left(d-n-2\right)-truncated).

[05ZE]

Proof. The ∞\infty-operad ℰ=EndAlg𝒬⁡(𝒞)red⁡(X)\mathcal{E}=\operatorname{End}_{\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{Q}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{red}}}\left(X\right) has a unique object, which we call XX. We need to show that for every m∈ℕm\in\mathbb{N}, the multi-mapping space Mulℰ⁡(X(m),X)\operatorname{Mul}_{\mathcal{E}}\left(X^{\left(m\right)},X\right) is (d−n−2)\left(d-n-2\right)-truncated. By 2.2.12 we have a fiber sequence

Mulℰ⁡(X(m),X)→MulAlg𝒬⁡(𝒞)⁡(Xm,X)→MapAlg𝒬⁡(𝒞)⁡(X⊔m,X),\operatorname{Mul}_{\mathcal{E}}(X^{\left(m\right)},X)\to\operatorname{Mul}_{\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{Q}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)}\left(X^{m},X\right)\to\operatorname{Map}_{\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{Q}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)}\left(X^{\sqcup m},X\right),

where the fiber is taken over the fold map ∇:X⊔m→X\nabla\colon X^{\sqcup m}\to X. The fiber is equivalent to the space of lifts for the square

X⊔m\textstyle{X^{\sqcup m}\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces}∇\scriptstyle{\nabla}X\textstyle{X\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces}Xm\textstyle{X^{m}\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces}pt.\textstyle{\text{pt}.}

Since 𝒞\mathcal{C} is an essentially (d+1)\left(d+1\right)-category, so is the Cartesian ∞\infty-operad 𝒞×\mathcal{C}_{\times} and, therefore, by 3.1.10, so is Alg𝒬⁡(𝒞)\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{Q}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right). In particular, XX is dd-truncated. Hence, by 4.2.8, it is enough to show that the canonical map X⊔m→XmX^{\sqcup m}\to X^{m} is nn-connected. Since 𝒬\mathcal{Q} is nn-connected, this follows from repeated application of 5.1.3. ∎

5.2 Topoi and the Reduced Endomorphism Operad[0M3L]

In this subsection we describe a simple application of 5.1.4. Let 𝒞\mathcal{C} be an ∞\infty-topos and let 𝒞∗\mathcal{C}_{*} be the ∞\infty-category of pointed objects in 𝒞\mathcal{C} with the Cartesian symmetric monoidal structure.

[0M34]

Definition 5.2.1. For a pair of integers m,k≥−2m,k\geq-2, we denote by 𝒞∗[k,m]⊆𝒞∗\mathcal{C}_{*}^{\left[k,m\right]}\subseteq\mathcal{C}_{*} the full subcategory spanned by objects which are simultaneously (k−1)(k-1)-connected (ie kk-connective) and mm-truncated.

[05ZF]

Theorem 5.2.2. Let 𝒞\mathcal{C} be an ∞\infty-topos and let k,d≥−2k,d\geq-2. For every X∈𝒞∗[k,2​k+d]X\in\mathcal{C}_{*}^{\left[k,2k+d\right]} the ∞\infty-operad End𝒞∗red⁡(X)\operatorname{End}_{\mathcal{C}_{*}}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{red}}}\left(X\right) is an essentially (d+1)\left(d+1\right)-operad. In particular, for d=−1d=-1, the ∞\infty-operad End𝒞∗red⁡(X)\operatorname{End}_{\mathcal{C}_{*}}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{red}}}\left(X\right) is either 𝔼0\mathbb{E}_{0} or 𝔼∞\mathbb{E}_{\infty} and for d=−2d=-2, it is 𝔼∞\mathbb{E}_{\infty}.

[05ZG]

Proof. By A.5.2.6.10 and A.5.2.6.12, we have a commutative diagram of ∞\infty-categories

𝒞∗≥k\textstyle{\mathcal{C}_{*}^{\geq k}\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces}Ωk\scriptstyle{\Omega^{k}}∼\scriptstyle{\sim}Alg¯𝔼kgrp​(𝒞∗)\textstyle{\underline{\operatorname{Alg}}_{\mathbb{E}_{k}}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{grp}}}\left(\mathcal{C}_{*}\right)\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces}U\scriptstyle{U}𝒞∗,\textstyle{\mathcal{C}_{*},}

in which UU is the forgetful functor. Since the kk-fold loop space functor restricts to a functor 𝒞∗[k,2​k+d]→τ≤k+d​𝒞∗\mathcal{C}_{*}^{\left[k,2k+d\right]}\to\tau_{\leq k+d}\mathcal{C}_{*}, we can restrict the above diagram to

𝒞∗[k,2​k+d]\textstyle{\mathcal{C}_{*}^{\left[k,2k+d\right]}\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces}Ωk\scriptstyle{\Omega^{k}}∼\scriptstyle{\sim}Alg¯𝔼kgrp​(τ≤k+d​𝒞∗)\textstyle{\underline{\operatorname{Alg}}_{\mathbb{E}_{k}}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{grp}}}\left(\tau_{\leq k+d}\mathcal{C}_{*}\right)\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces}U\scriptstyle{U}τ≤k+d​𝒞∗.\textstyle{\tau_{\leq k+d}\mathcal{C}_{*}.}

The ∞\infty-category Alg¯𝔼kgrp​(τ≤k+d​𝒞∗)\underline{\operatorname{Alg}}_{\mathbb{E}_{k}}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{grp}}}\left(\tau_{\leq k+d}\mathcal{C}_{*}\right) is a full subcategory of Alg¯𝔼k​(τ≤k+d​𝒞∗)\underline{\operatorname{Alg}}_{\mathbb{E}_{k}}\left(\tau_{\leq k+d}\mathcal{C}_{*}\right), which is itself equivalent to Alg¯𝔼k​(τ≤k+d​𝒞)\underline{\operatorname{Alg}}_{\mathbb{E}_{k}}\left(\tau_{\leq k+d}\mathcal{C}\right). The ∞\infty-category τ≤k+d​𝒞\tau_{\leq k+d}\mathcal{C} is a (k+d+1)\left(k+d+1\right)-topos (with the Cartesian symmetric monoidal structure) and 𝔼k\mathbb{E}_{k} is (k−2)\left(k-2\right)-connected. Thus, 5.1.4 implies that for every XX in Alg¯𝔼kgrp​(τ≤k+d​𝒞∗)\underline{\operatorname{Alg}}_{\mathbb{E}_{k}}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{grp}}}\left(\tau_{\leq k+d}\mathcal{C}_{*}\right), the reduced endomorphism operad of XX is an essentially (d+1)\left(d+1\right)-operad.

Let d=−1d=-1. We recall from 3.2.3 that if 𝒫≄𝔼0\mathcal{P}\not\simeq\mathbb{E}_{0}, then it is (−1)\left(-1\right)-connected. Therefore, if 𝒫\mathcal{P} is an essentially 00-operad, then 𝒫≃𝔼∞\mathcal{P}\simeq\mathbb{E}_{\infty}. Hence, 𝒫\mathcal{P} is either 𝔼0\mathbb{E}_{0} or 𝔼∞\mathbb{E}_{\infty}.

Let d=−2d=-2. We get that 𝒫\mathcal{P} is an essentially (−1)\left(-1\right)-operad and hence equivalent to 𝔼∞\mathbb{E}_{\infty}. ∎

For every reduced ∞\infty-operad 𝒫\mathcal{P}, the structure of a 𝒫\mathcal{P}-algebra on an object X∈𝒞∗X\in\mathcal{C}_{*} is equivalent to the data of a map 𝒫→End𝒞∗red⁡(X)\mathcal{P}\to\operatorname{End}_{\mathcal{C}_{*}}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{red}}}\left(X\right). Thus, if X∈𝒞∗[k,2​k−2]X\in\mathcal{C}_{*}^{\left[k,2k-2\right]}, then XX has a unique 𝒫\mathcal{P}-algebra structure for every reduced ∞\infty-operad 𝒫\mathcal{P}. Combining this with the fact that for a pointed connected object in an ∞\infty-topos, a structure of an 𝔼∞\mathbb{E}_{\infty}-algebra is equivalent to an ∞\infty-delooping, we get the following classical fact:

[05ZH]

Corollary 5.2.3. Let 𝒞\mathcal{C} be an ∞\infty-topos and let k≥1k\geq 1 be an integer. Every X∈𝒞∗[k,2​k−2]X\in\mathcal{C}_{*}^{\left[k,2k-2\right]} admits a unique ∞\infty-delooping.

In fact, we can get slightly more from 5.2.2. For example,

[05ZI]

Corollary 5.2.4. Let 𝒞\mathcal{C} be an ∞\infty-topos, let k≥1k\geq 1 be an integer, and let X∈𝒞∗[k,2​k−1]X\in\mathcal{C}_{*}^{\left[k,2k-1\right]}. If XX admits an HH-structure, then it admits a unique ∞\infty-delooping.

[05ZJ]

Proof. By 5.2.2, the ∞\infty-operad End𝒞∗red⁡(X)\operatorname{End}_{\mathcal{C}_{*}}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{red}}}\left(X\right) is either 𝔼0\mathbb{E}_{0} or 𝔼∞\mathbb{E}_{\infty}. On the other hand, the existence of an HH-structure is equivalent to End𝒞∗red⁡(X)​(2)≠∅\operatorname{End}_{\mathcal{C}_{*}}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{red}}}\left(X\right)\left(2\right)\neq\varnothing. Thus, XX admits an HH-structure if and only if End𝒞∗red⁡(X)≃𝔼∞\operatorname{End}_{\mathcal{C}_{*}}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{red}}}\left(X\right)\simeq\mathbb{E}_{\infty} if and only if XX admits a unique ∞\infty-delooping. ∎

5.3 The ∞\infty-Categorical Eckmann–Hilton Argument[0M3M]

The main theorem of this paper is

[05ZK]

Theorem 5.3.1. For all integers d1,d2≥−2d_{1},d_{2}\geq-2, given a d1d_{1}-equivalence 𝒫→𝒬\mathcal{P}\to\mathcal{Q} between two reduced ∞\infty-operads and a reduced d2d_{2}-connected ∞\infty-operad ℛ\mathcal{R}, the induced map 𝒫⊗ℛ→𝒬⊗ℛ\mathcal{P}\otimes\mathcal{R}\to\mathcal{Q}\otimes\mathcal{R} is a (d1+d2+2)\left(d_{1}+d_{2}+2\right)-equivalence.

[05ZL]

Proof. Set d=d1+d2+2d=d_{1}+d_{2}+2. By 3.2.6, it is enough to show that for every (d+1)\left(d+1\right)-topos 𝒞\mathcal{C} with the Cartesian symmetric monoidal structure, the map

Map𝐎𝐩∞⁡(𝒬⊗ℛ,𝒞)→Map𝐎𝐩∞⁡(𝒫⊗ℛ,𝒞),\operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Op}_{\infty}}\left(\mathcal{Q}\otimes\mathcal{R},\mathcal{C}\right)\to\operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Op}_{\infty}}\left(\mathcal{P}\otimes\mathcal{R},\mathcal{C}\right),

induced by pre-composition with ff, is a homotopy equivalence. Using the tensor-hom adjunction, it is the same as showing that the map

Map𝐎𝐩∞⁡(𝒬,Algℛ⁡(𝒞))→Map𝐎𝐩∞⁡(𝒫,Algℛ⁡(𝒞))\operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Op}_{\infty}}\left(\mathcal{Q},\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)\right)\to\operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Op}_{\infty}}\left(\mathcal{P},\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)\right)

is an equivalence. The underlying category functor gives a commutative diagram:

    Map𝐎𝐩∞⁡(𝒬,Algℛ⁡(𝒞))                 Map𝐎𝐩∞⁡(𝒫,Algℛ⁡(𝒞))          Map𝐂𝐚𝐭∞⁡(𝒬¯,Alg¯ℛ​(𝒞))          Map𝐂𝐚𝐭∞⁡(𝒫¯,Alg¯ℛ​(𝒞)).    ​(∗)\lx@xy@svg{\hbox{\raise 2.5pt\hbox{\kern 50.12514pt\hbox{\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\hbox{\vtop{\halign{\entry@#!@&&\entry@@#!@\cr&\cr&\crcr}}}\ignorespaces{\hbox{\kern-50.12514pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 0.0pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 3.0pt\raise-2.5pt\hbox{$\textstyle{\operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Op}_{\infty}}\left(\mathcal{Q},\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)\right)\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces}$}}}}}}}\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces{}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}\ignorespaces{\hbox{\kern 74.12514pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 0.0pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\lx@xy@tip{1}\lx@xy@tip{-1}}}}}}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces{}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}\ignorespaces{\hbox{\kern 0.0pt\raise-24.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 0.0pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\lx@xy@tip{1}\lx@xy@tip{-1}}}}}}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}{\hbox{\kern 74.12514pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 0.0pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 3.0pt\raise-2.5pt\hbox{$\textstyle{\operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Op}_{\infty}}\left(\mathcal{P},\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)\right)\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces}$}}}}}}}\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces{}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}\ignorespaces{\hbox{\kern 123.76416pt\raise-24.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 0.0pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\lx@xy@tip{1}\lx@xy@tip{-1}}}}}}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}{\hbox{\kern-44.92546pt\raise-32.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 0.0pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 3.0pt\raise-2.5pt\hbox{$\textstyle{\operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Cat}_{\infty}}(\underline{\mathcal{Q}},\underline{\operatorname{Alg}}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right))\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces}$}}}}}}}\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces{}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}\ignorespaces{\hbox{\kern 77.44981pt\raise-32.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 0.0pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\lx@xy@tip{1}\lx@xy@tip{-1}}}}}}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}{\hbox{\kern 77.44981pt\raise-32.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 0.0pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 3.0pt\raise-2.5pt\hbox{$\textstyle{\operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Cat}_{\infty}}(\underline{\mathcal{P}},\underline{\operatorname{Alg}}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)).}$}}}}}}}\ignorespaces}}}}\ignorespaces\ \left(*\right)

As P¯→𝒬¯\underline{P}\to\underline{\mathcal{Q}} is an equivalence of ∞\infty-categories (both are equivalent to Δ0\Delta^{0}), the bottom map is a homotopy equivalence. Hence, it suffices to show that the induced map on the homotopy fibers is a homotopy equivalence for each choice of a base point. A point in the space Map⁡(Δ0,Algℛ⁡(𝒞))\operatorname{Map}\left(\Delta^{0},\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)\right) is just an ℛ\mathcal{R}-algebra XX in 𝒞\mathcal{C}. We denote by Algℛ⁡(𝒞)X\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)_{X} the ∞\infty-operad Algℛ⁡(𝒞)\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right) pointed by XX viewed as an object of 𝐎𝐩∞,∗un\mathbf{Op}_{\infty,*}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{un}}}. With this notation, we see that the homotopy fiber of the right vertical map is equivalent to

Map𝐎𝐩∞,∗un⁡(𝒫,Algℛ⁡(𝒞)X).\operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Op}_{\infty,*}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{un}}}}\left(\mathcal{P},\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)_{X}\right).

By 2.2.5, the ∞\infty-operad Algℛ⁡(𝒞)\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right) is unital. Therefore, by the adjunction

ι:𝐎𝐩∞red⇆𝐎𝐩∞,∗un:(−)red,\iota\colon\mathbf{Op}_{\infty}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{red}}}\leftrightarrows\mathbf{Op}_{\infty,*}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{un}}}\colon\left(-\right)^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{red}}},

the above mapping space is also equivalent to

Map𝐎𝐩∞red⁡(𝒫,EndAlgℛ⁡(𝒞)red⁡(X))≃Map𝐎𝐩∞⁡(𝒫,EndAlgℛ⁡(𝒞)red⁡(X)),\operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Op}_{\infty}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{red}}}}\left(\mathcal{P},\operatorname{End}_{\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{red}}}\left(X\right)\right)\simeq\operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Op}_{\infty}}\left(\mathcal{P},\operatorname{End}_{\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{red}}}\left(X\right)\right),

since 𝐎𝐩∞red⊆𝐎𝐩∞\mathbf{Op}_{\infty}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{red}}}\subseteq\mathbf{Op}_{\infty} is a full subcategory. The induced map on the fibers of the vertical maps in (∗)\left(*\right) over XX, is therefore equivalent to

Map𝐎𝐩∞⁡(𝒬,EndAlgℛ⁡(𝒞)red⁡(X))→Map𝐎𝐩∞⁡(𝒫,EndAlgℛ⁡(𝒞)red⁡(X)).\operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Op}_{\infty}}\left(\mathcal{Q},\operatorname{End}_{\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{red}}}\left(X\right)\right)\to\operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Op}_{\infty}}\left(\mathcal{P},\operatorname{End}_{\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{red}}}\left(X\right)\right).

Finally, since 𝒞\mathcal{\mathcal{C}} is a (d+1)\left(d+1\right)-topos and ℛ\mathcal{R} is d2d_{2}-connected, 5.1.4 implies that the ∞\infty-operad EndAlgℛ⁡(𝒞)red⁡(X)\operatorname{End}_{\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{red}}}\left(X\right) is an essentially (d−d2−1=d1+1)\left(d-d_{2}-1=d_{1}+1\right)-operad. Since 𝒫→𝒬\mathcal{P}\to\mathcal{Q} is a d1d_{1}-equivalence, by 3.1.8 the above map is a homotopy equivalence and this completes the proof. ∎

[05ZM]

Example 5.3.2. Let 𝒫→𝒬\mathcal{P}\to\mathcal{Q} be a dd-equivalence of reduced ∞\infty-operads. For every integer k≥0k\geq 0, the induced map 𝒫⊗𝔼k→𝒬⊗𝔼k\mathcal{P}\otimes\mathbb{E}_{k}\to\mathcal{Q}\otimes\mathbb{E}_{k} is a (d+k)\left(d+k\right)-equivalence.

The ∞\infty-categorical Eckmann–Hilton argument is now an immediate consequence of 5.3.1.

[05ZN]

Corollary 5.3.3. For all integers d1,d2≥−2d_{1},d_{2}\geq-2, given two reduced ∞\infty-operads 𝒫\mathcal{P} and 𝒬\mathcal{Q}, if 𝒫\mathcal{P} is d1d_{1}-connected and 𝒬\mathcal{Q} is d2d_{2}-connected, then 𝒫⊗𝒬\mathcal{P}\otimes\mathcal{Q} is (d1+d2+2)\left(d_{1}+d_{2}+2\right)-connected.

[05ZP]

Proof. Since 𝒫\mathcal{P} is d1d_{1}-connected, the essentially unique map 𝒫→𝔼∞\mathcal{P}\to\mathbb{E}_{\infty} is a d1d_{1}-equivalence. Hence, by 5.3.1, the map 𝒫⊗𝒬→𝒫⊗𝔼∞\mathcal{P}\otimes\mathcal{Q}\to\mathcal{P}\otimes\mathbb{E}_{\infty} is a (d1+d2+2)\left(d_{1}+d_{2}+2\right)-equivalence. Since 𝔼∞\mathbb{E}_{\infty} is also d2d_{2}-connected, by the same argument the induced map

𝒫⊗𝔼∞→𝔼∞⊗𝔼∞≃𝔼∞\mathcal{P}\otimes\mathbb{E}_{\infty}\to\mathbb{E}_{\infty}\otimes\mathbb{E}_{\infty}\simeq\mathbb{E}_{\infty}

is also a (d1+d2+2)\left(d_{1}+d_{2}+2\right)-equivalence. The (d1+d2+2)\left(d_{1}+d_{2}+2\right)-equivalences are closed under composition, and so the result follows (in fact, we know a posteriori that the map above is actually an equivalence of ∞\infty-operads). ∎

We conclude this section (and this paper) with a couple of curious applications of the ∞\infty-categorical Eckmann–Hilton argument. The first is the classification of idempotent reduced ∞\infty-operads.

[05ZQ]

Corollary 5.3.4. Let 𝒫\mathcal{P} be a reduced ∞\infty-operad. If 𝒫⊗𝒫≃𝒫\mathcal{P}\otimes\mathcal{P}\simeq\mathcal{P}, then 𝒫≃𝔼0\mathcal{P}\simeq\mathbb{E}_{0} or 𝒫≃𝔼∞\mathcal{P}\simeq\mathbb{E}_{\infty}.

[05ZR]

Proof. If 𝒫≄𝔼0\mathcal{P}\not\simeq\mathbb{E}_{0}, then, by 3.2.3, 𝒫\mathcal{P} is dd-connected for some d≥−1d\geq-1. Therefore, by 5.2.2, 𝒫⊗𝒫\mathcal{P}\otimes\mathcal{P} is (2​d+2)>d\left(2d+2\right)>d connected. Since 𝒫≃𝒫⊗𝒫\mathcal{P}\simeq\mathcal{P}\otimes\mathcal{P}, we can continue by induction and deduce that 𝒫\mathcal{P} is ∞\infty-connected; hence 𝒫≃𝔼∞\mathcal{P}\simeq\mathbb{E}_{\infty}. ∎

The second application is to a tensor product of a sequence of reduced ∞\infty-operads. Given a sequence of reduced ∞\infty-operads (𝒫i)i=1∞\left(\mathcal{P}_{i}\right)_{i=1}^{\infty}, we can define the tensor product of them all ⨂i=1∞𝒫i\bigotimes\limits_{i=1}^{\infty}\mathcal{P}_{i} as the colimit of the sequence

𝔼0→𝒫1→𝒫1⊗𝒫2→𝒫1⊗𝒫2⊗𝒫3→…,\mathbb{E}_{0}\to\mathcal{P}_{1}\to\mathcal{P}_{1}\otimes\mathcal{P}_{2}\to\mathcal{P}_{1}\otimes\mathcal{P}_{2}\otimes\mathcal{P}_{3}\to\dots,

where the ii-th map is obtained by tensoring the essentially unique map 𝔼0→𝒫i\mathbb{E}_{0}\to\mathcal{P}_{i} with 𝒫1⊗⋯⊗𝒫i−1\mathcal{P}_{1}\otimes\cdots\otimes\mathcal{P}_{i-1}.

[05ZS]

Example 5.3.5. If we take 𝒫i=𝔼1\mathcal{P}_{i}=\mathbb{E}_{1} for all ii, then the additivity theorem (A.5.1.2.2) implies that ⨂i=1∞𝔼1\bigotimes\limits_{i=1}^{\infty}\mathbb{E}_{1} is the colimit of the sequence of ∞\infty-operads

𝔼0→𝔼1→𝔼2→𝔼3→…,\mathbb{E}_{0}\to\mathbb{E}_{1}\to\mathbb{E}_{2}\to\mathbb{E}_{3}\to\dots,

which is 𝔼∞\mathbb{E}_{\infty}.

We offer the following generalization:

[05ZT]

Corollary 5.3.6. Let (𝒫i)i=1∞\left(\mathcal{P}_{i}\right)_{i=1}^{\infty} be a sequence of reduced ∞\infty-operads not equivalent to 𝔼0\mathbb{E}_{0}. There is an equivalence of ∞\infty-operads ⨂i=1∞𝒫i≃𝔼∞\bigotimes\limits_{i=1}^{\infty}\mathcal{P}_{i}\simeq\mathbb{E}_{\infty}.

[05ZU]

Proof. By 3.2.3, all 𝒫i\mathcal{P}_{i}-s are (−1)\left(-1\right)-connected. By induction on kk and 5.3.3, the ∞\infty-operad 𝒫1⊗⋯⊗𝒫k\mathcal{P}_{1}\otimes\cdots\otimes\mathcal{P}_{k} is (k−2)\left(k-2\right)-connected. For every n∈ℕn\in\mathbb{N} we get

(⨂i=1∞𝒫i)(n)≃colimk(𝒫1⊗⋯⊗𝒫k)(n)≃pt\left(\bigotimes\limits_{i=1}^{\infty}\mathcal{P}_{i}\right)\left(n\right)\simeq\operatorname*{colim}\limits_{k}\left(\mathcal{P}_{1}\otimes\cdots\otimes\mathcal{P}_{k}\right)\left(n\right)\simeq\text{pt}

and therefore ⨂i=1∞𝒫i≃𝔼∞\bigotimes\limits_{i=1}^{\infty}\mathcal{P}_{i}\simeq\mathbb{E}_{\infty}. ∎

For example, this implies that putting countably many compatible HH-space structures on a pointed connected space XX is the same as putting an ∞\infty-loop space structure on XX.

Original mathematics by the credited authors. Source collection and HTML conversion remain in progress.

Tomer Schlank, Lior Yanovski

Original source: arXiv:1808.06006v3

Original source · 1808.06006v3