Lemma 5.1.1. Let be a symmetric monoidal -category and let be a reduced -operad. If , then for every pair of algebras , the canonical map
has a section after we apply the forgetful functor .
In this final section we prove our main results. In 5.1 we analyze the canonical map from the coproduct to the tensor product of two algebras over a reduced -operad. The main result is that under suitable assumptions, if the -operad is highly connected, then this map is also highly connected (5.1.3). In 5.2 we use the connectivity bound established in 5.1 to analyze the reduced endomorphism operad of an object in an -topos. This analysis recovers and expands on classical results on deloopings of spaces with non-vanishing homotopy groups in a bounded region. In 5.3 we prove our main theorem (5.3.1) and its main corollary: the -categorical Eckmann–Hilton argument (5.3.3). We conclude with some curious applications of the main theorem to some questions regarding tensor products of reduced -operads.
Let be a symmetric monoidal -category and let be a reduced -operad. For every two algebras , there is a canonical map of algebras
formally given by
where and are the respective unit maps viewed as maps of algebras (see A.3.2.1).
Lemma 5.1.1. Let be a symmetric monoidal -category and let be a reduced -operad. If , then for every pair of algebras , the canonical map
has a section after we apply the forgetful functor .
Proof. By 3.2.3, if , then it is -connected and in particular . We shall construct a section to using any binary operation . Let and be the canonical maps of the coproduct. Define to be the composition of the following maps:
Now, consider the following diagram in the homotopy category of :
The upper square commutes since is a map of algebras. The upper triangle commutes since it is the tensor product of two triangles, which commute by the very definition of . The lower square commutes by the definition of the algebra structure on and the lower triangle also clearly commutes. The composition of the bottom diagonal map and the bottom right map is the identity, since the restriction of to the unit in one of the arguments is homotopic to the identity map of the other argument. The composition of the top diagonal map with the top right map is . It follows that . ∎
Lemma 5.1.2. Let and be symmetric monoidal -categories and let be a symmetric monoidal functor. If is a left adjoint, then the induced functor is a left adjoint relative to and for every -operad the induced functor is a left adjoint.
Proof. For every , the restriction of to the fiber over is just , which is clearly a left adjoint. Hence, by A.7.3.2.7, the functor is a left adjoint relative to . Let be the right adjoint of Applying A.7.3.2.13, we obtain that and induce an adjunction:
∎
In what follows we are going to restrict ourselves to the case of a Cartesian monoidal structure. The next proposition is the key connectivity bound on which the main theorems of this paper rest.
Proposition 5.1.3. Let be an -topos for some with the Cartesian symmetric monoidal structure and let be a reduced -connected -operad for some . For every pair of algebras , the canonical map
is -connected.
Proof. For there is nothing to prove and so we assume that . By 4.4.5, it is enough to show that is -connected where is the forgetful functor. By 4.3.5, it is enough to show that has a section and is -connected. Since , we have and, therefore, by 5.1.1, has a section. Thus, we are reduced to showing that the image of under the functor is an equivalence. First, we show that preserves binary products. For , this follows from T.6.5.1.2. The general case reduces to as by T.6.4.1.5 we can embed as a full subcategory of an -topos spanned by the -truncated objects. It follows that we get a symmetric monoidal functor . By 5.1.2, the functor
induced by is a left adjoint. Consider the following (solid) commutative diagram in the homotopy category of :
where the vertical maps are the forgetful functors and is induced by restriction along the essentially unique map . Since is an essentially -category, it follows from 3.1.8 that is an equivalence. Taking to be an inverse of up to homotopy, the outer rectangle is a commutative square in the homotopy category of . Therefore, to show that is an equivalence, it is enough to show that is an equivalence. In fact, we shall show that is an equivalence. Note that the composition of the left and then bottom functors preserves binary products and since the right vertical functor preserves products and is conservative, it follows that the top functor also preserves binary products. On the other hand, also preserves coproducts, since is left adjoint (by the above discussion) and is an equivalence. Finally, in , the canonical map from the coproduct to the product is an equivalence by A.3.2.4.7. ∎
We now apply the above results to the study of reduced endomorphism operads. For every unital -operad and a symmetric monoidal -category , the symmetric monoidal -category is unital by 2.2.5. Hence, for every we can consider the reduced endomorphism -operad .
Corollary 5.1.4. Let be a reduced -connected -operad for some and let be a -topos with the Cartesian symmetric monoidal structure for some . For every object , the reduced endomorphism operad is an essentially -operad (ie all multi-mapping spaces are -truncated).
Proof. The -operad has a unique object, which we call . We need to show that for every , the multi-mapping space is -truncated. By 2.2.12 we have a fiber sequence
where the fiber is taken over the fold map . The fiber is equivalent to the space of lifts for the square
Since is an essentially -category, so is the Cartesian -operad and, therefore, by 3.1.10, so is . In particular, is -truncated. Hence, by 4.2.8, it is enough to show that the canonical map is -connected. Since is -connected, this follows from repeated application of 5.1.3. ∎
In this subsection we describe a simple application of 5.1.4. Let be an -topos and let be the -category of pointed objects in with the Cartesian symmetric monoidal structure.
Definition 5.2.1. For a pair of integers , we denote by the full subcategory spanned by objects which are simultaneously -connected (ie -connective) and -truncated.
Theorem 5.2.2. Let be an -topos and let . For every the -operad is an essentially -operad. In particular, for , the -operad is either or and for , it is .
Proof. By A.5.2.6.10 and A.5.2.6.12, we have a commutative diagram of -categories
in which is the forgetful functor. Since the -fold loop space functor restricts to a functor , we can restrict the above diagram to
The -category is a full subcategory of , which is itself equivalent to . The -category is a -topos (with the Cartesian symmetric monoidal structure) and is -connected. Thus, 5.1.4 implies that for every in , the reduced endomorphism operad of is an essentially -operad.
Let . We recall from 3.2.3 that if , then it is -connected. Therefore, if is an essentially -operad, then . Hence, is either or .
Let . We get that is an essentially -operad and hence equivalent to . ∎
For every reduced -operad , the structure of a -algebra on an object is equivalent to the data of a map . Thus, if , then has a unique -algebra structure for every reduced -operad . Combining this with the fact that for a pointed connected object in an -topos, a structure of an -algebra is equivalent to an -delooping, we get the following classical fact:
Corollary 5.2.3. Let be an -topos and let be an integer. Every admits a unique -delooping.
In fact, we can get slightly more from 5.2.2. For example,
Corollary 5.2.4. Let be an -topos, let be an integer, and let . If admits an -structure, then it admits a unique -delooping.
Proof. By 5.2.2, the -operad is either or . On the other hand, the existence of an -structure is equivalent to . Thus, admits an -structure if and only if if and only if admits a unique -delooping. ∎
The main theorem of this paper is
Theorem 5.3.1. For all integers , given a -equivalence between two reduced -operads and a reduced -connected -operad , the induced map is a -equivalence.
Proof. Set . By 3.2.6, it is enough to show that for every -topos with the Cartesian symmetric monoidal structure, the map
induced by pre-composition with , is a homotopy equivalence. Using the tensor-hom adjunction, it is the same as showing that the map
is an equivalence. The underlying category functor gives a commutative diagram:
As is an equivalence of -categories (both are equivalent to ), the bottom map is a homotopy equivalence. Hence, it suffices to show that the induced map on the homotopy fibers is a homotopy equivalence for each choice of a base point. A point in the space is just an -algebra in . We denote by the -operad pointed by viewed as an object of . With this notation, we see that the homotopy fiber of the right vertical map is equivalent to
By 2.2.5, the -operad is unital. Therefore, by the adjunction
the above mapping space is also equivalent to
since is a full subcategory. The induced map on the fibers of the vertical maps in over , is therefore equivalent to
Example 5.3.2. Let be a -equivalence of reduced -operads. For every integer , the induced map is a -equivalence.
The -categorical Eckmann–Hilton argument is now an immediate consequence of 5.3.1.
Corollary 5.3.3. For all integers , given two reduced -operads and , if is -connected and is -connected, then is -connected.
Proof. Since is -connected, the essentially unique map is a -equivalence. Hence, by 5.3.1, the map is a -equivalence. Since is also -connected, by the same argument the induced map
is also a -equivalence. The -equivalences are closed under composition, and so the result follows (in fact, we know a posteriori that the map above is actually an equivalence of -operads). ∎
We conclude this section (and this paper) with a couple of curious applications of the -categorical Eckmann–Hilton argument. The first is the classification of idempotent reduced -operads.
Corollary 5.3.4. Let be a reduced -operad. If , then or .
The second application is to a tensor product of a sequence of reduced -operads. Given a sequence of reduced -operads , we can define the tensor product of them all as the colimit of the sequence
where the -th map is obtained by tensoring the essentially unique map with .
Example 5.3.5. If we take for all , then the additivity theorem (A.5.1.2.2) implies that is the colimit of the sequence of -operads
which is .
We offer the following generalization:
Corollary 5.3.6. Let be a sequence of reduced -operads not equivalent to . There is an equivalence of -operads .
For example, this implies that putting countably many compatible -space structures on a pointed connected space is the same as putting an -loop space structure on .
Original source: arXiv:1808.06006v3
Original source · 1808.06006v3