ScalingStacks

5.3 The ∞\infty-Categorical Eckmann–Hilton Argument[0M3M]

The main theorem of this paper is

[05ZK]

Theorem 5.3.1. For all integers d1,d2≥−2d_{1},d_{2}\geq-2, given a d1d_{1}-equivalence 𝒫→𝒬\mathcal{P}\to\mathcal{Q} between two reduced ∞\infty-operads and a reduced d2d_{2}-connected ∞\infty-operad ℛ\mathcal{R}, the induced map 𝒫⊗ℛ→𝒬⊗ℛ\mathcal{P}\otimes\mathcal{R}\to\mathcal{Q}\otimes\mathcal{R} is a (d1+d2+2)\left(d_{1}+d_{2}+2\right)-equivalence.

[05ZL]

Proof. Set d=d1+d2+2d=d_{1}+d_{2}+2. By 3.2.6, it is enough to show that for every (d+1)\left(d+1\right)-topos 𝒞\mathcal{C} with the Cartesian symmetric monoidal structure, the map

Map𝐎𝐩∞⁡(𝒬⊗ℛ,𝒞)→Map𝐎𝐩∞⁡(𝒫⊗ℛ,𝒞),\operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Op}_{\infty}}\left(\mathcal{Q}\otimes\mathcal{R},\mathcal{C}\right)\to\operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Op}_{\infty}}\left(\mathcal{P}\otimes\mathcal{R},\mathcal{C}\right),

induced by pre-composition with ff, is a homotopy equivalence. Using the tensor-hom adjunction, it is the same as showing that the map

Map𝐎𝐩∞⁡(𝒬,Algℛ⁡(𝒞))→Map𝐎𝐩∞⁡(𝒫,Algℛ⁡(𝒞))\operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Op}_{\infty}}\left(\mathcal{Q},\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)\right)\to\operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Op}_{\infty}}\left(\mathcal{P},\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)\right)

is an equivalence. The underlying category functor gives a commutative diagram:

    Map𝐎𝐩∞⁡(𝒬,Algℛ⁡(𝒞))                 Map𝐎𝐩∞⁡(𝒫,Algℛ⁡(𝒞))          Map𝐂𝐚𝐭∞⁡(𝒬¯,Alg¯ℛ​(𝒞))          Map𝐂𝐚𝐭∞⁡(𝒫¯,Alg¯ℛ​(𝒞)).    ​(∗)\lx@xy@svg{\hbox{\raise 2.5pt\hbox{\kern 50.12514pt\hbox{\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\hbox{\vtop{\halign{\entry@#!@&&\entry@@#!@\cr&\cr&\crcr}}}\ignorespaces{\hbox{\kern-50.12514pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 0.0pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 3.0pt\raise-2.5pt\hbox{$\textstyle{\operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Op}_{\infty}}\left(\mathcal{Q},\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)\right)\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces}$}}}}}}}\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces{}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}\ignorespaces{\hbox{\kern 74.12514pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 0.0pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\lx@xy@tip{1}\lx@xy@tip{-1}}}}}}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces{}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}\ignorespaces{\hbox{\kern 0.0pt\raise-24.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 0.0pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\lx@xy@tip{1}\lx@xy@tip{-1}}}}}}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}{\hbox{\kern 74.12514pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 0.0pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 3.0pt\raise-2.5pt\hbox{$\textstyle{\operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Op}_{\infty}}\left(\mathcal{P},\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)\right)\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces}$}}}}}}}\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces{}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}\ignorespaces{\hbox{\kern 123.76416pt\raise-24.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 0.0pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\lx@xy@tip{1}\lx@xy@tip{-1}}}}}}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}{\hbox{\kern-44.92546pt\raise-32.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 0.0pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 3.0pt\raise-2.5pt\hbox{$\textstyle{\operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Cat}_{\infty}}(\underline{\mathcal{Q}},\underline{\operatorname{Alg}}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right))\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces}$}}}}}}}\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces{}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}\ignorespaces{\hbox{\kern 77.44981pt\raise-32.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 0.0pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\lx@xy@tip{1}\lx@xy@tip{-1}}}}}}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}{\hbox{\kern 77.44981pt\raise-32.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 0.0pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 3.0pt\raise-2.5pt\hbox{$\textstyle{\operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Cat}_{\infty}}(\underline{\mathcal{P}},\underline{\operatorname{Alg}}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)).}$}}}}}}}\ignorespaces}}}}\ignorespaces\ \left(*\right)

As P¯→𝒬¯\underline{P}\to\underline{\mathcal{Q}} is an equivalence of ∞\infty-categories (both are equivalent to Δ0\Delta^{0}), the bottom map is a homotopy equivalence. Hence, it suffices to show that the induced map on the homotopy fibers is a homotopy equivalence for each choice of a base point. A point in the space Map⁡(Δ0,Algℛ⁡(𝒞))\operatorname{Map}\left(\Delta^{0},\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)\right) is just an ℛ\mathcal{R}-algebra XX in 𝒞\mathcal{C}. We denote by Algℛ⁡(𝒞)X\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)_{X} the ∞\infty-operad Algℛ⁡(𝒞)\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right) pointed by XX viewed as an object of 𝐎𝐩∞,∗un\mathbf{Op}_{\infty,*}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{un}}}. With this notation, we see that the homotopy fiber of the right vertical map is equivalent to

Map𝐎𝐩∞,∗un⁡(𝒫,Algℛ⁡(𝒞)X).\operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Op}_{\infty,*}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{un}}}}\left(\mathcal{P},\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)_{X}\right).

By 2.2.5, the ∞\infty-operad Algℛ⁡(𝒞)\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right) is unital. Therefore, by the adjunction

ι:𝐎𝐩∞red⇆𝐎𝐩∞,∗un:(−)red,\iota\colon\mathbf{Op}_{\infty}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{red}}}\leftrightarrows\mathbf{Op}_{\infty,*}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{un}}}\colon\left(-\right)^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{red}}},

the above mapping space is also equivalent to

Map𝐎𝐩∞red⁡(𝒫,EndAlgℛ⁡(𝒞)red⁡(X))≃Map𝐎𝐩∞⁡(𝒫,EndAlgℛ⁡(𝒞)red⁡(X)),\operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Op}_{\infty}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{red}}}}\left(\mathcal{P},\operatorname{End}_{\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{red}}}\left(X\right)\right)\simeq\operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Op}_{\infty}}\left(\mathcal{P},\operatorname{End}_{\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{red}}}\left(X\right)\right),

since 𝐎𝐩∞red⊆𝐎𝐩∞\mathbf{Op}_{\infty}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{red}}}\subseteq\mathbf{Op}_{\infty} is a full subcategory. The induced map on the fibers of the vertical maps in (∗)\left(*\right) over XX, is therefore equivalent to

Map𝐎𝐩∞⁡(𝒬,EndAlgℛ⁡(𝒞)red⁡(X))→Map𝐎𝐩∞⁡(𝒫,EndAlgℛ⁡(𝒞)red⁡(X)).\operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Op}_{\infty}}\left(\mathcal{Q},\operatorname{End}_{\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{red}}}\left(X\right)\right)\to\operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Op}_{\infty}}\left(\mathcal{P},\operatorname{End}_{\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{red}}}\left(X\right)\right).

Finally, since 𝒞\mathcal{\mathcal{C}} is a (d+1)\left(d+1\right)-topos and ℛ\mathcal{R} is d2d_{2}-connected, 5.1.4 implies that the ∞\infty-operad EndAlgℛ⁡(𝒞)red⁡(X)\operatorname{End}_{\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{red}}}\left(X\right) is an essentially (d−d2−1=d1+1)\left(d-d_{2}-1=d_{1}+1\right)-operad. Since 𝒫→𝒬\mathcal{P}\to\mathcal{Q} is a d1d_{1}-equivalence, by 3.1.8 the above map is a homotopy equivalence and this completes the proof. ∎

[05ZM]

Example 5.3.2. Let 𝒫→𝒬\mathcal{P}\to\mathcal{Q} be a dd-equivalence of reduced ∞\infty-operads. For every integer k≥0k\geq 0, the induced map 𝒫⊗𝔼k→𝒬⊗𝔼k\mathcal{P}\otimes\mathbb{E}_{k}\to\mathcal{Q}\otimes\mathbb{E}_{k} is a (d+k)\left(d+k\right)-equivalence.

The ∞\infty-categorical Eckmann–Hilton argument is now an immediate consequence of 5.3.1.

[05ZN]

Corollary 5.3.3. For all integers d1,d2≥−2d_{1},d_{2}\geq-2, given two reduced ∞\infty-operads 𝒫\mathcal{P} and 𝒬\mathcal{Q}, if 𝒫\mathcal{P} is d1d_{1}-connected and 𝒬\mathcal{Q} is d2d_{2}-connected, then 𝒫⊗𝒬\mathcal{P}\otimes\mathcal{Q} is (d1+d2+2)\left(d_{1}+d_{2}+2\right)-connected.

[05ZP]

Proof. Since 𝒫\mathcal{P} is d1d_{1}-connected, the essentially unique map 𝒫→𝔼∞\mathcal{P}\to\mathbb{E}_{\infty} is a d1d_{1}-equivalence. Hence, by 5.3.1, the map 𝒫⊗𝒬→𝒫⊗𝔼∞\mathcal{P}\otimes\mathcal{Q}\to\mathcal{P}\otimes\mathbb{E}_{\infty} is a (d1+d2+2)\left(d_{1}+d_{2}+2\right)-equivalence. Since 𝔼∞\mathbb{E}_{\infty} is also d2d_{2}-connected, by the same argument the induced map

𝒫⊗𝔼∞→𝔼∞⊗𝔼∞≃𝔼∞\mathcal{P}\otimes\mathbb{E}_{\infty}\to\mathbb{E}_{\infty}\otimes\mathbb{E}_{\infty}\simeq\mathbb{E}_{\infty}

is also a (d1+d2+2)\left(d_{1}+d_{2}+2\right)-equivalence. The (d1+d2+2)\left(d_{1}+d_{2}+2\right)-equivalences are closed under composition, and so the result follows (in fact, we know a posteriori that the map above is actually an equivalence of ∞\infty-operads). ∎

We conclude this section (and this paper) with a couple of curious applications of the ∞\infty-categorical Eckmann–Hilton argument. The first is the classification of idempotent reduced ∞\infty-operads.

[05ZQ]

Corollary 5.3.4. Let 𝒫\mathcal{P} be a reduced ∞\infty-operad. If 𝒫⊗𝒫≃𝒫\mathcal{P}\otimes\mathcal{P}\simeq\mathcal{P}, then 𝒫≃𝔼0\mathcal{P}\simeq\mathbb{E}_{0} or 𝒫≃𝔼∞\mathcal{P}\simeq\mathbb{E}_{\infty}.

[05ZR]

Proof. If 𝒫≄𝔼0\mathcal{P}\not\simeq\mathbb{E}_{0}, then, by 3.2.3, 𝒫\mathcal{P} is dd-connected for some d≥−1d\geq-1. Therefore, by 5.2.2, 𝒫⊗𝒫\mathcal{P}\otimes\mathcal{P} is (2​d+2)>d\left(2d+2\right)>d connected. Since 𝒫≃𝒫⊗𝒫\mathcal{P}\simeq\mathcal{P}\otimes\mathcal{P}, we can continue by induction and deduce that 𝒫\mathcal{P} is ∞\infty-connected; hence 𝒫≃𝔼∞\mathcal{P}\simeq\mathbb{E}_{\infty}. ∎

The second application is to a tensor product of a sequence of reduced ∞\infty-operads. Given a sequence of reduced ∞\infty-operads (𝒫i)i=1∞\left(\mathcal{P}_{i}\right)_{i=1}^{\infty}, we can define the tensor product of them all ⨂i=1∞𝒫i\bigotimes\limits_{i=1}^{\infty}\mathcal{P}_{i} as the colimit of the sequence

𝔼0→𝒫1→𝒫1⊗𝒫2→𝒫1⊗𝒫2⊗𝒫3→…,\mathbb{E}_{0}\to\mathcal{P}_{1}\to\mathcal{P}_{1}\otimes\mathcal{P}_{2}\to\mathcal{P}_{1}\otimes\mathcal{P}_{2}\otimes\mathcal{P}_{3}\to\dots,

where the ii-th map is obtained by tensoring the essentially unique map 𝔼0→𝒫i\mathbb{E}_{0}\to\mathcal{P}_{i} with 𝒫1⊗⋯⊗𝒫i−1\mathcal{P}_{1}\otimes\cdots\otimes\mathcal{P}_{i-1}.

[05ZS]

Example 5.3.5. If we take 𝒫i=𝔼1\mathcal{P}_{i}=\mathbb{E}_{1} for all ii, then the additivity theorem (A.5.1.2.2) implies that ⨂i=1∞𝔼1\bigotimes\limits_{i=1}^{\infty}\mathbb{E}_{1} is the colimit of the sequence of ∞\infty-operads

𝔼0→𝔼1→𝔼2→𝔼3→…,\mathbb{E}_{0}\to\mathbb{E}_{1}\to\mathbb{E}_{2}\to\mathbb{E}_{3}\to\dots,

which is 𝔼∞\mathbb{E}_{\infty}.

We offer the following generalization:

[05ZT]

Corollary 5.3.6. Let (𝒫i)i=1∞\left(\mathcal{P}_{i}\right)_{i=1}^{\infty} be a sequence of reduced ∞\infty-operads not equivalent to 𝔼0\mathbb{E}_{0}. There is an equivalence of ∞\infty-operads ⨂i=1∞𝒫i≃𝔼∞\bigotimes\limits_{i=1}^{\infty}\mathcal{P}_{i}\simeq\mathbb{E}_{\infty}.

[05ZU]

Proof. By 3.2.3, all 𝒫i\mathcal{P}_{i}-s are (−1)\left(-1\right)-connected. By induction on kk and 5.3.3, the ∞\infty-operad 𝒫1⊗⋯⊗𝒫k\mathcal{P}_{1}\otimes\cdots\otimes\mathcal{P}_{k} is (k−2)\left(k-2\right)-connected. For every n∈ℕn\in\mathbb{N} we get

(⨂i=1∞𝒫i)(n)≃colimk(𝒫1⊗⋯⊗𝒫k)(n)≃pt\left(\bigotimes\limits_{i=1}^{\infty}\mathcal{P}_{i}\right)\left(n\right)\simeq\operatorname*{colim}\limits_{k}\left(\mathcal{P}_{1}\otimes\cdots\otimes\mathcal{P}_{k}\right)\left(n\right)\simeq\text{pt}

and therefore ⨂i=1∞𝒫i≃𝔼∞\bigotimes\limits_{i=1}^{\infty}\mathcal{P}_{i}\simeq\mathbb{E}_{\infty}. ∎

For example, this implies that putting countably many compatible HH-space structures on a pointed connected space XX is the same as putting an ∞\infty-loop space structure on XX.

Original mathematics by the credited authors. Source collection and HTML conversion remain in progress.

Tomer Schlank, Lior Yanovski

Original source: arXiv:1808.06006v3

Original source · 1808.06006v3