5.3 The ∞ \infty -Categorical Eckmann–Hilton Argument[0M3M]
The main theorem of this paper is
[05ZK]
Theorem 5.3.1 . For all integers d 1 , d 2 ≥ − 2 d_{1},d_{2}\geq-2 , given
a d 1 d_{1} -equivalence 𝒫 → 𝒬 \mathcal{P}\to\mathcal{Q} between two reduced
∞ \infty -operads and a reduced d 2 d_{2} -connected ∞ \infty -operad
ℛ \mathcal{R} , the induced map 𝒫 ⊗ ℛ → 𝒬 ⊗ ℛ \mathcal{P}\otimes\mathcal{R}\to\mathcal{Q}\otimes\mathcal{R}
is a ( d 1 + d 2 + 2 ) \left(d_{1}+d_{2}+2\right) -equivalence.
[05ZL]
Proof. Set d = d 1 + d 2 + 2 d=d_{1}+d_{2}+2 . By 3.2.6 , it is enough
to show that for every ( d + 1 ) \left(d+1\right) -topos 𝒞 \mathcal{C}
with the Cartesian symmetric monoidal structure, the map
Map 𝐎𝐩 ∞ ( 𝒬 ⊗ ℛ , 𝒞 ) → Map 𝐎𝐩 ∞ ( 𝒫 ⊗ ℛ , 𝒞 ) , \operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Op}_{\infty}}\left(\mathcal{Q}\otimes\mathcal{R},\mathcal{C}\right)\to\operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Op}_{\infty}}\left(\mathcal{P}\otimes\mathcal{R},\mathcal{C}\right),
induced by pre-composition with f f , is a homotopy equivalence. Using
the tensor-hom adjunction, it is the same as showing that the map
Map 𝐎𝐩 ∞ ( 𝒬 , Alg ℛ ( 𝒞 ) ) → Map 𝐎𝐩 ∞ ( 𝒫 , Alg ℛ ( 𝒞 ) ) \operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Op}_{\infty}}\left(\mathcal{Q},\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)\right)\to\operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Op}_{\infty}}\left(\mathcal{P},\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)\right)
is an equivalence. The underlying category functor gives a commutative
diagram:
Map 𝐎𝐩 ∞ ( 𝒬 , Alg ℛ ( 𝒞 ) ) Map 𝐎𝐩 ∞ ( 𝒫 , Alg ℛ ( 𝒞 ) ) Map 𝐂𝐚𝐭 ∞ ( 𝒬 ¯ , Alg ¯ ℛ ( 𝒞 ) ) Map 𝐂𝐚𝐭 ∞ ( 𝒫 ¯ , Alg ¯ ℛ ( 𝒞 ) ) . ( ∗ ) \lx@xy@svg{\hbox{\raise 2.5pt\hbox{\kern 50.12514pt\hbox{\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\hbox{\vtop{\halign{\entry@#!@&&\entry@@#!@\cr&\cr&\crcr}}}\ignorespaces{\hbox{\kern-50.12514pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 0.0pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 3.0pt\raise-2.5pt\hbox{$\textstyle{\operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Op}_{\infty}}\left(\mathcal{Q},\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)\right)\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces}$}}}}}}}\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces{}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}\ignorespaces{\hbox{\kern 74.12514pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 0.0pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\lx@xy@tip{1}\lx@xy@tip{-1}}}}}}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces{}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}\ignorespaces{\hbox{\kern 0.0pt\raise-24.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 0.0pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\lx@xy@tip{1}\lx@xy@tip{-1}}}}}}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}{\hbox{\kern 74.12514pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 0.0pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 3.0pt\raise-2.5pt\hbox{$\textstyle{\operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Op}_{\infty}}\left(\mathcal{P},\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)\right)\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces}$}}}}}}}\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces{}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}\ignorespaces{\hbox{\kern 123.76416pt\raise-24.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 0.0pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\lx@xy@tip{1}\lx@xy@tip{-1}}}}}}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}{\hbox{\kern-44.92546pt\raise-32.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 0.0pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 3.0pt\raise-2.5pt\hbox{$\textstyle{\operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Cat}_{\infty}}(\underline{\mathcal{Q}},\underline{\operatorname{Alg}}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right))\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces}$}}}}}}}\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces{}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}\ignorespaces{\hbox{\kern 77.44981pt\raise-32.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 0.0pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\lx@xy@tip{1}\lx@xy@tip{-1}}}}}}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}{\hbox{\lx@xy@droprule}}{\hbox{\kern 77.44981pt\raise-32.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 0.0pt\raise 0.0pt\hbox{\hbox{\kern 3.0pt\raise-2.5pt\hbox{$\textstyle{\operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Cat}_{\infty}}(\underline{\mathcal{P}},\underline{\operatorname{Alg}}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)).}$}}}}}}}\ignorespaces}}}}\ignorespaces\ \left(*\right)
As P ¯ → 𝒬 ¯ \underline{P}\to\underline{\mathcal{Q}} is an equivalence
of ∞ \infty -categories (both are equivalent to Δ 0 \Delta^{0} ), the bottom map
is a homotopy equivalence. Hence, it suffices to show that the induced map
on the homotopy fibers is a homotopy equivalence for each choice of a base
point.
A point in the space Map ( Δ 0 , Alg ℛ ( 𝒞 ) ) \operatorname{Map}\left(\Delta^{0},\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)\right) is just an ℛ \mathcal{R} -algebra X X in 𝒞 \mathcal{C} .
We denote by Alg ℛ ( 𝒞 ) X \operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)_{X} the ∞ \infty -operad Alg ℛ ( 𝒞 ) \operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right) pointed by X X viewed as an object of 𝐎𝐩 ∞ , ∗ un \mathbf{Op}_{\infty,*}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{un}}} .
With this notation, we see that the homotopy fiber of the right vertical map is equivalent to
Map 𝐎𝐩 ∞ , ∗ un ( 𝒫 , Alg ℛ ( 𝒞 ) X ) . \operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Op}_{\infty,*}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{un}}}}\left(\mathcal{P},\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)_{X}\right).
By 2.2.5 , the ∞ \infty -operad Alg ℛ ( 𝒞 ) \operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right) is unital. Therefore, by the adjunction
ι : 𝐎𝐩 ∞ red ⇆ 𝐎𝐩 ∞ , ∗ un : ( − ) red , \iota\colon\mathbf{Op}_{\infty}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{red}}}\leftrightarrows\mathbf{Op}_{\infty,*}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{un}}}\colon\left(-\right)^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{red}}},
the above mapping space is also equivalent to
Map 𝐎𝐩 ∞ red ( 𝒫 , End Alg ℛ ( 𝒞 ) red ( X ) ) ≃ Map 𝐎𝐩 ∞ ( 𝒫 , End Alg ℛ ( 𝒞 ) red ( X ) ) , \operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Op}_{\infty}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{red}}}}\left(\mathcal{P},\operatorname{End}_{\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{red}}}\left(X\right)\right)\simeq\operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Op}_{\infty}}\left(\mathcal{P},\operatorname{End}_{\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{red}}}\left(X\right)\right),
since 𝐎𝐩 ∞ red ⊆ 𝐎𝐩 ∞ \mathbf{Op}_{\infty}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{red}}}\subseteq\mathbf{Op}_{\infty} is a full subcategory. The induced map on the
fibers of the vertical maps in ( ∗ ) \left(*\right) over X X , is therefore
equivalent to
Map 𝐎𝐩 ∞ ( 𝒬 , End Alg ℛ ( 𝒞 ) red ( X ) ) → Map 𝐎𝐩 ∞ ( 𝒫 , End Alg ℛ ( 𝒞 ) red ( X ) ) . \operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Op}_{\infty}}\left(\mathcal{Q},\operatorname{End}_{\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{red}}}\left(X\right)\right)\to\operatorname{Map}_{\mathbf{Op}_{\infty}}\left(\mathcal{P},\operatorname{End}_{\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{red}}}\left(X\right)\right).
Finally, since 𝒞 \mathcal{\mathcal{C}} is a ( d + 1 ) \left(d+1\right) -topos
and ℛ \mathcal{R} is d 2 d_{2} -connected, 5.1.4
implies that the ∞ \infty -operad End Alg ℛ ( 𝒞 ) red ( X ) \operatorname{End}_{\operatorname{Alg}_{\mathcal{R}}\left(\mathcal{C}\right)}^{\operatorname{\scriptsize{red}}}\left(X\right)
is an essentially ( d − d 2 − 1 = d 1 + 1 ) \left(d-d_{2}-1=d_{1}+1\right) -operad. Since
𝒫 → 𝒬 \mathcal{P}\to\mathcal{Q} is a d 1 d_{1} -equivalence, by 3.1.8 the above map is a homotopy equivalence and this completes the proof.
∎
[05ZM]
Example 5.3.2 . Let 𝒫 → 𝒬 \mathcal{P}\to\mathcal{Q} be a d d -equivalence of reduced
∞ \infty -operads. For every integer k ≥ 0 k\geq 0 , the induced map 𝒫 ⊗ 𝔼 k → 𝒬 ⊗ 𝔼 k \mathcal{P}\otimes\mathbb{E}_{k}\to\mathcal{Q}\otimes\mathbb{E}_{k}
is a ( d + k ) \left(d+k\right) -equivalence.
The ∞ \infty -categorical Eckmann–Hilton argument is now an immediate consequence of 5.3.1 .
[05ZN]
Corollary 5.3.3 . For all integers d 1 , d 2 ≥ − 2 d_{1},d_{2}\geq-2 , given two reduced
∞ \infty -operads 𝒫 \mathcal{P} and 𝒬 \mathcal{Q} , if 𝒫 \mathcal{P}
is d 1 d_{1} -connected and 𝒬 \mathcal{Q} is d 2 d_{2} -connected, then
𝒫 ⊗ 𝒬 \mathcal{P}\otimes\mathcal{Q} is ( d 1 + d 2 + 2 ) \left(d_{1}+d_{2}+2\right) -connected.
[05ZP]
Proof. Since 𝒫 \mathcal{P} is d 1 d_{1} -connected, the essentially unique map 𝒫 → 𝔼 ∞ \mathcal{P}\to\mathbb{E}_{\infty}
is a d 1 d_{1} -equivalence. Hence, by 5.3.1 , the map
𝒫 ⊗ 𝒬 → 𝒫 ⊗ 𝔼 ∞ \mathcal{P}\otimes\mathcal{Q}\to\mathcal{P}\otimes\mathbb{E}_{\infty}
is a ( d 1 + d 2 + 2 ) \left(d_{1}+d_{2}+2\right) -equivalence. Since 𝔼 ∞ \mathbb{E}_{\infty}
is also d 2 d_{2} -connected, by the same argument the induced map
𝒫 ⊗ 𝔼 ∞ → 𝔼 ∞ ⊗ 𝔼 ∞ ≃ 𝔼 ∞ \mathcal{P}\otimes\mathbb{E}_{\infty}\to\mathbb{E}_{\infty}\otimes\mathbb{E}_{\infty}\simeq\mathbb{E}_{\infty}
is also a ( d 1 + d 2 + 2 ) \left(d_{1}+d_{2}+2\right) -equivalence. The ( d 1 + d 2 + 2 ) \left(d_{1}+d_{2}+2\right) -equivalences are closed under composition, and so the result follows (in fact, we know a posteriori that the map above is actually an equivalence of ∞ \infty -operads).
∎
We conclude this section (and this paper) with a couple of curious applications
of the ∞ \infty -categorical Eckmann–Hilton argument. The first is
the classification of idempotent reduced ∞ \infty -operads.
[05ZQ]
Corollary 5.3.4 . Let 𝒫 \mathcal{P} be a reduced ∞ \infty -operad.
If 𝒫 ⊗ 𝒫 ≃ 𝒫 \mathcal{P}\otimes\mathcal{P}\simeq\mathcal{P} , then 𝒫 ≃ 𝔼 0 \mathcal{P}\simeq\mathbb{E}_{0}
or 𝒫 ≃ 𝔼 ∞ \mathcal{P}\simeq\mathbb{E}_{\infty} .
[05ZR]
Proof. If 𝒫 ≄ 𝔼 0 \mathcal{P}\not\simeq\mathbb{E}_{0} , then, by 3.2.3 , 𝒫 \mathcal{P} is d d -connected
for some d ≥ − 1 d\geq-1 . Therefore, by 5.2.2 , 𝒫 ⊗ 𝒫 \mathcal{P}\otimes\mathcal{P} is ( 2 d + 2 ) > d \left(2d+2\right)>d connected. Since 𝒫 ≃ 𝒫 ⊗ 𝒫 \mathcal{P}\simeq\mathcal{P}\otimes\mathcal{P} , we can continue by induction and deduce that 𝒫 \mathcal{P} is ∞ \infty -connected; hence 𝒫 ≃ 𝔼 ∞ \mathcal{P}\simeq\mathbb{E}_{\infty} .
∎
The second application is to a tensor product of a sequence of reduced ∞ \infty -operads. Given a sequence of reduced ∞ \infty -operads ( 𝒫 i ) i = 1 ∞ \left(\mathcal{P}_{i}\right)_{i=1}^{\infty} ,
we can define the tensor product of them all ⨂ i = 1 ∞ 𝒫 i \bigotimes\limits_{i=1}^{\infty}\mathcal{P}_{i}
as the colimit of the sequence
𝔼 0 → 𝒫 1 → 𝒫 1 ⊗ 𝒫 2 → 𝒫 1 ⊗ 𝒫 2 ⊗ 𝒫 3 → … , \mathbb{E}_{0}\to\mathcal{P}_{1}\to\mathcal{P}_{1}\otimes\mathcal{P}_{2}\to\mathcal{P}_{1}\otimes\mathcal{P}_{2}\otimes\mathcal{P}_{3}\to\dots,
where the i i -th map is obtained by tensoring the essentially unique
map 𝔼 0 → 𝒫 i \mathbb{E}_{0}\to\mathcal{P}_{i} with 𝒫 1 ⊗ ⋯ ⊗ 𝒫 i − 1 \mathcal{P}_{1}\otimes\cdots\otimes\mathcal{P}_{i-1} .
[05ZS]
Example 5.3.5 . If we take 𝒫 i = 𝔼 1 \mathcal{P}_{i}=\mathbb{E}_{1} for all i i , then the additivity
theorem (A.5.1.2.2 ) implies that ⨂ i = 1 ∞ 𝔼 1 \bigotimes\limits_{i=1}^{\infty}\mathbb{E}_{1}
is the colimit of the sequence of ∞ \infty -operads
𝔼 0 → 𝔼 1 → 𝔼 2 → 𝔼 3 → … , \mathbb{E}_{0}\to\mathbb{E}_{1}\to\mathbb{E}_{2}\to\mathbb{E}_{3}\to\dots,
which is 𝔼 ∞ \mathbb{E}_{\infty} .
We offer the following generalization:
[05ZT]
Corollary 5.3.6 . Let ( 𝒫 i ) i = 1 ∞ \left(\mathcal{P}_{i}\right)_{i=1}^{\infty}
be a sequence of reduced ∞ \infty -operads not equivalent to 𝔼 0 \mathbb{E}_{0} .
There is an equivalence of ∞ \infty -operads ⨂ i = 1 ∞ 𝒫 i ≃ 𝔼 ∞ \bigotimes\limits_{i=1}^{\infty}\mathcal{P}_{i}\simeq\mathbb{E}_{\infty} .
[05ZU]
Proof. By 3.2.3 , all 𝒫 i \mathcal{P}_{i} -s are ( − 1 ) \left(-1\right) -connected.
By induction on k k and 5.3.3 , the ∞ \infty -operad 𝒫 1 ⊗ ⋯ ⊗ 𝒫 k \mathcal{P}_{1}\otimes\cdots\otimes\mathcal{P}_{k}
is ( k − 2 ) \left(k-2\right) -connected. For every n ∈ ℕ n\in\mathbb{N} we get
( ⨂ i = 1 ∞ 𝒫 i ) ( n ) ≃ colim k ( 𝒫 1 ⊗ ⋯ ⊗ 𝒫 k ) ( n ) ≃ pt \left(\bigotimes\limits_{i=1}^{\infty}\mathcal{P}_{i}\right)\left(n\right)\simeq\operatorname*{colim}\limits_{k}\left(\mathcal{P}_{1}\otimes\cdots\otimes\mathcal{P}_{k}\right)\left(n\right)\simeq\text{pt}
and therefore ⨂ i = 1 ∞ 𝒫 i ≃ 𝔼 ∞ \bigotimes\limits_{i=1}^{\infty}\mathcal{P}_{i}\simeq\mathbb{E}_{\infty} .
∎
For example, this implies that putting countably many compatible H H -space
structures on a pointed connected space X X is the same as putting
an ∞ \infty -loop space structure on X X .