ScalingStacks

2. Technology

The purpose of this section is to survey the technology used in functorial Khovanov–Rozansky link homologies and to set up notation.

2.1. Webs

The category Rep⁡(Uq​(𝔤​𝔩N))\Rep(U_{q}(\mathfrak{gl}_{N})) of finite-dimensional Uq​(𝔤​𝔩N)U_{q}(\mathfrak{gl}_{N})-modules is a ribbon category and thus provides Reshetikhin–Turaev invariants of framed oriented tangles with components labeled by objects of Rep⁡(Uq​(𝔤​𝔩N))\Rep(U_{q}(\mathfrak{gl}_{N})). A framed oriented link LL labeled by the Uq​(𝔤​𝔩N)U_{q}(\mathfrak{gl}_{N})-module V=ℂN​(q)V={\mathbb{C}}^{N}(q) yields an endomorphism of ℂ⁡(q){\mathbb{C}}(q), the tensor unit in Rep⁡(Uq​(𝔤​𝔩N))\Rep(U_{q}(\mathfrak{gl}_{N})), which is just multiplication by the 𝔤​𝔩N\mathfrak{gl}_{N} link polynomial of LL.

While we will focus on invariants of links labeled by VV, it is convenient to also consider the fundamental modules ⋀k(V)\bigwedge^{k}(V) and their duals. Together, these generate the full monoidal subcategory Fund⁡(Uq​(𝔤​𝔩N))\mathrm{Fund}(U_{q}(\mathfrak{gl}_{N})), which admits a graphical presentation and which recovers Rep⁡(Uq​(𝔤​𝔩N))\Rep(U_{q}(\mathfrak{gl}_{N})) upon idempotent completion.

The ℂ⁡(q){\mathbb{C}}(q)-linear pivotal category 𝐖𝐞𝐛N\boldsymbol{\mathrm{Web}}_{N} has objects given by finite sets of points in an interval [0,1]{[0,1]}, each labeled by an element of {n,n∗|n∈ℤ>0}\{n,n^{*}|n\in{\mathbb{Z}}_{>0}\}. The morphisms are ℂ⁡(q){\mathbb{C}}(q)-linear combinations of webs: oriented trivalent graphs, properly embedded in [0,1]2{[0,1]}^{2}, with edges labeled by a non-negative integer flow, considered up to isotopy relative to the boundary and certain local relations, including those shown in (2.1). The source and target of a web are determined by its intersections with [0,1]×{0}{[0,1]}\times\{0\} and [0,1]×{1}{[0,1]}\times\{1\}, with downward oriented boundary points of label nn being recorded as n∗n^{*}. Composition is given by the bilinear extension of stacking webs and the tensor product is given on objects by concatenating labeled intervals and on morphisms by the bilinear extension of placing webs side by side.

The morphisms in 𝐖𝐞𝐛N\boldsymbol{\mathrm{Web}}_{N} are generated under composition, tensor product, and duality by identity morphisms and trivalent merge and split vertices:

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The merge and split vertices encode the natural Uq​(𝔤​𝔩N)U_{q}(\mathfrak{gl}_{N})-intertwiners

⋀a(V)⊗⋀b(V)→⋀a+b(V)and⋀a+b(V)→⋀a(V)⊗⋀b(V),\textstyle\bigwedge^{a}(V)\otimes\bigwedge^{b}(V)\to\bigwedge^{a+b}(V)\quad\text{and}\quad\bigwedge^{a+b}(V)\to\bigwedge^{a}(V)\otimes\bigwedge^{b}(V),

respectively. The local relations in 𝐖𝐞𝐛N\boldsymbol{\mathrm{Web}}_{N} include

(2.1)                                 a   a−b   b     =[ab]​               a    ,                                a   a+b   b     =[N−ab]​               a    ,                                      a   b   c     =                                      a   b   c     ,                                k   r   s   l     =∑t[k−l+r−st]​                                k   s−t   r−t   l     \displaystyle\hbox to37.99pt{\vbox to46.72pt{\pgfpicture\makeatletter\hbox{\hskip 22.82822pt\lower-0.59999pt\hbox to0.0pt{\lxSVG@begingroup@{_scopebegin=1} \lxSVG@begingroup@{stroke=#000000} \lxSVG@begingroup@{fill=#000000} \lxSVG@setlinewidth{\the\pgflinewidth}\lxSVG@begingroup@{stroke-width=0.4pt} \lx@inpgf@ignorespaces\nullfont\hbox to0.0pt{\lxSVG@begingroup@{_scopebegin=1} {{\lx@inpgf@ignorespaces}} {}{{}}{} {}{}{}{{}}{} {}{}\lxSVG@begingroup@{_scopebegin=1} \lxSVG@setlinewidth{\the\pgflinewidth}\lxSVG@begingroup@{stroke-width=0.8pt} 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together with the reflections of these relations in a vertical line. Edges labeled zero are to be erased and edges labeled by negative integers or integers greater than NN force the morphism to be the zero morphism. The local relations ensure that 𝐖𝐞𝐛N≅Fund⁡(Uq​(𝔤​𝔩N))\boldsymbol{\mathrm{Web}}_{N}\cong\mathrm{Fund}(U_{q}(\mathfrak{gl}_{N})) as ℂ⁡(q){\mathbb{C}}(q)-linear pivotal categories, see [CKM14, QS19, TVW17]. In the following, we also consider an integral version of 𝐖𝐞𝐛N\boldsymbol{\mathrm{Web}}_{N}, which is defined over ℤ⁡[q±1]{\mathbb{Z}}[q^{\pm 1}] and also satisfies the relations (2.1).

2.2. Foams

Foams provide a framework for a combinatorial description of Khovanov–Rozansky link homologies, in a similar way as webs are useful for the type A Reshetikhin-Turaev invariants. We will use 𝔤​𝔩N\mathfrak{gl}_{N}-foams constructed via the combinatorial evaluation formula for closed foams due to Robert–Wagner [RW20]. More precisely, we will organize these 𝔤​𝔩N\mathfrak{gl}_{N}-foams into a monoidal bicategory 𝐅𝐨𝐚𝐦N\boldsymbol{\mathrm{Foam}}_{N} which categorifies the integral form of 𝐖𝐞𝐛N\boldsymbol{\mathrm{Web}}_{N}.

The graded, additive monoidal bicategory 𝐅𝐨𝐚𝐦N\boldsymbol{\mathrm{Foam}}_{N} has objects given by finite sets of points in [0,1]{[0,1]}, each labeled by an element of {n,n∗|n∈ℤ>0}\{n,n^{*}|n\in{\mathbb{Z}}_{>0}\}. The 1-morphisms are (formal direct sums of formal grading shifts of) webs, properly embedded in [0,1]2{[0,1]}^{2} and connecting boundary points of appropriate labels. Note that webs are not considered up to any relations in 𝐅𝐨𝐚𝐦N\boldsymbol{\mathrm{Foam}}_{N}. The 2-morphisms are (matrices of degree zero) ℤ{\mathbb{Z}}-linear combinations of 𝔤​𝔩N\mathfrak{gl}_{N}-foams in [0,1]3{[0,1]}^{3}, considered up to isotopy relative to the boundary and certain local relations, as defined in [ETW18, Section 2]. The three compositions are given by (the bilinear extension of) stacking these topological objects along the three interval directions.

Foams are the natural notion of cobordisms between webs and the relations between 22-morphisms in 𝐅𝐨𝐚𝐦N\boldsymbol{\mathrm{Foam}}_{N} are chosen so that the defining web equalities in 𝐖𝐞𝐛N\boldsymbol{\mathrm{Web}}_{N} can be lifted to explicit web isomorphisms in 𝐅𝐨𝐚𝐦N\boldsymbol{\mathrm{Foam}}_{N}. We refer to [ETW18] for a rigorous definition of 𝔤​𝔩N\mathfrak{gl}_{N}-foams, as well as a complete description of the relations between them, and a survey of various flavors of 𝐅𝐨𝐚𝐦N\boldsymbol{\mathrm{Foam}}_{N}. Here we only comment on aspects relevant to the rest of this paper.

Original paper diagram
Figure 1.                         

Foams are represented by 2-dimensional cell complexes, such that every point has a neighborhood either modelled on ℝ2{\mathbb{R}}^{2}, three half-planes meeting in a line, or the cone on the 1-skeleton of a tetrahedron. Such cone points are called singular vertices of the foam. The points on the line in the second case form a seam of the foam, and the connected components of the set of manifold points are called the facets of the foam. An example of a foam with six singular vertices is shown in Figure 1. The facets are oriented and labeled by positive integers. If three facets meet along a seam, then two of their labels, say aa and bb, sum to the third, a+ba+b. The orientation of the seam agrees with the orientation induced by the aa and bb facets, and disagrees with the a+ba+b facet.

Each facet of a foam in 𝐅𝐨𝐚𝐦N\boldsymbol{\mathrm{Foam}}_{N} admits an action of the algebra of symmetric functions Λ\Lambda. This is to say that facets may be decorated by points labeled by symmetric functions, which are allowed to move freely on facets. A point labeled by a product f​g∈Λfg\in\Lambda may be split into two points labeled ff and gg respectively, and a foam with a point labeled f+g∈Λf+g\in\Lambda may be split into a sum of foams with points labeled ff and gg respectively. The Λ\Lambda-actions on adjacent facets are compatible in the sense that f∈Λf\in\Lambda on an a+ba+b facet may be moved across a seam, where it distributes into Δ⁡(f)∈Λ⊗Λ\Delta(f)\in\Lambda\otimes\Lambda acting on the adjacent aa and bb facets. The degree of a foam is computed as twice the degree of the symmetric function decoration, minus a weighted Euler characteristic, depending on facet labels.

𝐅𝐨𝐚𝐦N\boldsymbol{\mathrm{Foam}}_{N} is designed to have finite-dimensional spaces of 22-morphisms, and in particular, the Λ\Lambda-action on each aa-facet factors through a finite-dimensional quotient, namely H∗​(Gr⁡(ℂa⊂ℂN))H^{*}(\mathrm{Gr}({\mathbb{C}}^{a}\subset{\mathbb{C}}^{N})), the cohomology ring of the Grassmannian of aa-dimensional subspaces of ℂN{\mathbb{C}}^{N}, which is obtained as quotient of Λ\Lambda by the ideal ⟨hN−a+i|i>0⟩\langle h_{N-a+i}|i>0\rangle generated by sufficiently large complete symmetric functions. In the case of a 11-labeled facet, the symmetric function e1=h1e_{1}=h_{1} is called the dot.

0N9W

Example 2.1. The algebra of decorations on a 11-facet in 𝐅𝐨𝐚𝐦N\boldsymbol{\mathrm{Foam}}_{N} can be realised as the space of 22-morphisms A1=def𝐅𝐨𝐚𝐦N(∅,○1)A_{1}\stackrel{{\scriptstyle\mathrm{def}}}{{=}}\boldsymbol{\mathrm{Foam}}_{N}(\emptyset,\bigcirc^{1}) between the empty web and a 11-labeled circle. It is spanned by foams consisting of disks, decorated by a number 0≤n≤N−10\leq n\leq N-1 of dots, for which we write XnX^{n}. The multiplication of such foams is realised by gluing two such dotted disks onto the legs of a pair of pants, giving m⁡(Xn1,Xn2)=Xn1+n2m(X^{n_{1}},X^{n_{2}})=X^{n_{1}+n_{2}}, subject to the relation XN−1+i=0X^{N-1+i}=0 for i>0i>0. In fact, A1A_{1} is a commutative Frobenius algebra, with counit given by capping disks off:

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Thus we have A1≅ℤ⁡[X]/⟨XN⟩≅H∗​(ℂ​PN−1)A_{1}\cong{\mathbb{Z}}[X]/\langle X^{N}\rangle\cong H^{*}({\mathbb{C}}P^{N-1}) as commutative Frobenius algebras, and the 11-labeled part of 𝐅𝐨𝐚𝐦N\boldsymbol{\mathrm{Foam}}_{N} is nothing but the quotient of the linearised 2-dimensional oriented cobordism category by the relations in the kernel of the (1+1)(1+1)-dimensional TQFT corresponding to H∗​(ℂ​PN−1)H^{*}({\mathbb{C}}P^{N-1}). More generally, we have Ak=def𝐅𝐨𝐚𝐦N(∅,○k)≅H∗(Gr(ℂa⊂ℂN))≅⋀kA1A_{k}\stackrel{{\scriptstyle\mathrm{def}}}{{=}}\boldsymbol{\mathrm{Foam}}_{N}(\emptyset,\bigcirc^{k})\cong H^{*}(\mathrm{Gr}({\mathbb{C}}^{a}\subset{\mathbb{C}}^{N}))\cong\bigwedge^{k}A_{1} and 𝐅𝐨𝐚𝐦N\boldsymbol{\mathrm{Foam}}_{N} can be considered as the universal source for a TQFT-like functor defined on foams, which evaluates to A1A_{1} on 11-circles and is compatible with induction and restriction between tensor products of exterior powers of A1A_{1}.

0N9X

Remark 2.2. There is also an equivariant version of 𝐅𝐨𝐚𝐦N\boldsymbol{\mathrm{Foam}}_{N}, with facet algebras given by the GL⁡(N)\mathrm{GL}(N)-equivariant cohomology rings HGL⁡(N)∗​(Gr⁡(ℂa⊂ℂN))H_{\mathrm{GL}(N)}^{*}(\mathrm{Gr}({\mathbb{C}}^{a}\subset{\mathbb{C}}^{N})), defined over the base ring HGL⁡(N)∗​(point)H_{\mathrm{GL}(N)}^{*}(\mathrm{point}). This version is important due to its role in the proof of functoriality of Khovanov–Rozansky homology [ETW18] and as the source of Lee-type deformation spectral sequences [Lee05, RW16] and Rasmussen-type invariants [Ras10]. Everything in this paper works, mutatis mutandis, in the equivariant framework.

2.3. Khovanov–Rozansky homology

The construction of Khovanov–Rozansky link homologies now proceeds in two steps. The first step is a functor that sends link diagrams to chain complexes in 𝐅𝐨𝐚𝐦N\boldsymbol{\mathrm{Foam}}_{N} and link cobordisms to chain maps, which depend only on the isotopy type of the cobordism up to homotopy. The second step evaluates such a chain complex to a bigraded abelian group through a representable functor and taking homology.

0N9Y

Definition 2.3. The category ℝ3​𝐋𝐢𝐧𝐤∘{\mathbb{R}}^{3}\boldsymbol{\mathrm{Link}}^{\circ} has objects given by embedded, framed oriented links in L⊂ℝ3L\subset{\mathbb{R}}^{3}, such that the projection along the zz-axis maps LL to a blackboard-framed link diagram in ℝ2×{0}⊂ℝ3{\mathbb{R}}^{2}\times\{0\}\subset{\mathbb{R}}^{3}, together with an ordering of the finitely many crossings in the diagram. The morphisms are oriented link cobordisms in ℝ3×[0,1]{\mathbb{R}}^{3}\times{[0,1]} up to isotopy rel boundary, together with formal crossing reordering isomorphisms.

In one direction, by forgetting the condition on the projection and ignoring the crossing order, this category is equivalent to the usual category of all embedded, framed oriented links and link cobordisms. In the other direction, the category ℝ3​𝐋𝐢𝐧𝐤∘{\mathbb{R}}^{3}\boldsymbol{\mathrm{Link}}^{\circ} is equivalent to the category whose objects are link diagrams and whose morphisms are sequences of Reidemeister moves, Morse moves, planar isotopies, and formal reorderings, considered up to Carter–Rieger–Saito movie moves [CS93, CRS97].

We will now describe the construction of a functor ⟦−⟧:ℝ3​𝐋𝐢𝐧𝐤∘→𝐊b​(𝐅𝐨𝐚𝐦N)\left\llbracket-\right\rrbracket\colon{\mathbb{R}}^{3}\boldsymbol{\mathrm{Link}}^{\circ}\to\boldsymbol{\mathrm{K}}^{b}(\boldsymbol{\mathrm{Foam}}_{N}), with target given by the bounded homotopy category of 𝐅𝐨𝐚𝐦N\boldsymbol{\mathrm{Foam}}_{N}. In particular, the functor sends link diagrams to certain bounded chain complexes of webs and foams. On single, 11-labeled crossings, it is defined as:

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The underlined term is placed in homological degree zero. We call the non-identity webs that appear here thick edges. The differentials in both complexes are given by the combinatorially simplest foam between the two shown webs. We call them unzip and zip foams respectively. The reader be warned that the assignments in (2.3) differ from the conventions in [KR08, Fig. 46] by a qq-grading shift of magnitude (N−1)​w(N-1)w, where ww denotes the writhe of the diagram; the latter further differ from the conventions in [ETW18, Equation (3.2)] by mirroring.

A link diagram with several crossings (in a specified order) is sent to the chain complex constructed from the formal tensor product of the crossing complexes (2.3) (in that order) by gluing its resolutions into the link diagram in place of the original crossings.

The chain complexes associated to link diagrams which differ only by Reidemeister moves are homotopy equivalent, see Sections 3.3–3.5. Similarly, one can define chain maps for Morse moves. However, a highly non-trivial fact is that there exists a coherent choice for such chain maps.

0N9Z

Theorem 2.4 ([ETW18]). The construction ⟦−⟧:ℝ3​𝐋𝐢𝐧𝐤∘→𝐊b​(𝐅𝐨𝐚𝐦N)\left\llbracket-\right\rrbracket\colon{\mathbb{R}}^{3}\boldsymbol{\mathrm{Link}}^{\circ}\to\boldsymbol{\mathrm{K}}^{b}(\boldsymbol{\mathrm{Foam}}_{N}) is functorial.

In fact, Theorem 2.4 holds in much greater generality, including colored links and the equivariant framework mentioned in Remark 2.2. More importantly for us, the theorem holds locally, i.e. for tangle diagrams and tangle cobordisms.

0NA0

Definition 2.5. The Khovanov–Rozansky 𝔤​𝔩N\mathfrak{gl}_{N} link homology KhRN:ℝ3​𝐋𝐢𝐧𝐤∘→grℤ×ℤ​𝐀𝐛𝐆𝐫𝐩\mathrm{KhR}_{N}\colon{\mathbb{R}}^{3}\boldsymbol{\mathrm{Link}}^{\circ}\to\mathrm{gr}^{{\mathbb{Z}}\times{\mathbb{Z}}}\boldsymbol{\mathrm{AbGrp}}, with target given by the category of ℤ×ℤ{\mathbb{Z}}\times{\mathbb{Z}}-graded abelian groups and homogeneous homomorphisms, is defined as the composition of ⟦−⟧\left\llbracket-\right\rrbracket, the representable functor ⨁k∈ℤ𝐅𝐨𝐚𝐦N​(q−k​∅,−)\bigoplus_{k\in{\mathbb{Z}}}\boldsymbol{\mathrm{Foam}}_{N}(q^{-k}\emptyset,-), and taking homology. It is functorial by Theorem 2.4.

Original mathematics by the credited authors. Source collection and HTML conversion remain in progress.

Scott Morrison, Kevin Walker, Paul Wedrich

Original source: arXiv:1907.12194v5