ScalingStacks

4.4. The 3-ball category with two points

Here we consider the categories from Section 4.3 in the special case when the source and target objects consist of a single point s=t={∗}s=t=\{*\}. In this case, the corresponding morphism category in 𝐅𝐨𝐚𝐦Ndg\boldsymbol{\mathrm{Foam}}_{N}^{\mathrm{dg}} is known to be equivalent to the dg category of complexes of free graded RN:=𝕜⁡[X]/(XN)R_{N}:=\mathbbm{k}[X]/(X^{N})-modules; see e.g. [32, Lemma 3.35] for an argument in an equivalent setting. We record this equivalence and its consequence on the level of homology:

Hom𝐅𝐨𝐚𝐦Ndg⁡(∗,∗)≃Chdg⁡(RN−modgr.fr.),HomH∙​(𝐅𝐨𝐚𝐦Ndg)⁡(∗,∗)≃H∙​(Chdg⁡(RN−modgr.fr.))\operatorname{Hom}_{\boldsymbol{\mathrm{Foam}}_{N}^{\mathrm{dg}}}(*,*)\simeq\operatorname{Ch}_{\mathrm{dg}}(R_{N}\mathrm{-mod}^{\mathrm{gr.fr.}}),\quad\operatorname{Hom}_{H^{\bullet}(\boldsymbol{\mathrm{Foam}}_{N}^{\mathrm{dg}})}(*,*)\simeq H^{\bullet}(\operatorname{Ch}_{\mathrm{dg}}(R_{N}\mathrm{-mod}^{\mathrm{gr.fr.}}))

Here RN−modgr.fr.R_{N}\mathrm{-mod}^{\mathrm{gr.fr.}} refers to the category of finitely-generated graded free RNR_{N}-modules and Chdg⁡(𝒞)\operatorname{Ch}_{\mathrm{dg}}(\mathcal{C}) refers to the dg category of bounded chain complexes over an additive category 𝒞\mathcal{C}. Again we will use a superscript ∗* to refer to the corresponding enriched morphism spaces, computed via the ordinary morphism spaces between shifts of objects as in (21).

Now we specialize to N=2N=2 and classify the indecomposable objects. Setting R:=R2=𝕜⁡[X]/(X2)R:=R_{2}=\mathbbm{k}[X]/(X^{2}), the isomorphism classes of indecomposable objects (up to shifts in quantum and homological degrees) in H∙​(Chdg⁡(R−modgr.fr.))H^{\bullet}(\operatorname{Ch}_{\mathrm{dg}}(R\mathrm{-mod}^{\mathrm{gr.fr.}})) are of the form:

Ck:=R¯→𝑋R⁡{−2}→𝑋⋯→𝑋R⁡{−2​k}C_{k}:=\underline{R}\xrightarrow{X}R\{-2\}\xrightarrow{X}\cdots\xrightarrow{X}R\{-2k\}

for k≥0k\geq 0; see [19, Section 3].

Next we compute the zeroth Hochschild homology of H∙​(Chdg⁡(R−modgr.fr.))H^{\bullet}(\operatorname{Ch}_{\mathrm{dg}}(R\mathrm{-mod}^{\mathrm{gr.fr.}})). In principle, there are two possible versions: using the ordinary or the enriched hom; see [5, Section 2.4]. In the case of the ordinary hom, we would obtain a ℤ{\mathbb{Z}}-graded (namely homologically graded) 𝕜⁡[q±1]\mathbbm{k}[q^{\pm 1}]-module, where qq records the action of the auto-equivalence provided by the shift in quantum grading. We will, however, use the enriched hom (indicated by the superscript ∗*) to consider the morphism spaces as bigraded. In doing so, one obtains translation isomorphisms, which identify an object with all its gradings shifts. More specifically, between an object and its shift, the identity now represents an isomorphism of degree specified by the shift. The zeroth Hochschild homology of the resulting category carries the structure of a bigraded 𝕜\mathbbm{k}-vector space, since the endomorphism qq now acts as the identity.

0NGM

Proposition 4.14. The bigraded zeroth Hochschild homology of H∙​(Chdg⁡(R−modgr.fr.))∗H^{\bullet}(\operatorname{Ch}_{\mathrm{dg}}(R\mathrm{-mod}^{\mathrm{gr.fr.}}))^{*} has a basis given by the trace classes [IdCl][\operatorname{Id}_{C_{l}}] and [R​XCl][RX_{C_{l}}] for all l≥0l\geq 0. The identity morphisms on the complexes ClC_{l} for l≥0l\geq 0 are self-explanatory and their trace classes have bidegree (0,0)(0,0). The endomorphism R​XClRX_{C_{l}} is a special case R​XCl=R​XCl(l)RX_{C_{l}}=RX^{(l)}_{C_{l}} of a larger family of endomorphisms R​XCk(l)RX^{(l)}_{C_{k}} for 0≤l≤k0\leq l\leq k of the following form:

R¯{\lx@inpgf@ignorespaces\underline{R}}⋯{\lx@inpgf@ignorespaces\cdots}R​{−2​l}{\lx@inpgf@ignorespaces R\{-2l\}}⋯{\lx@inpgf@ignorespaces\cdots}R​{−2​k}{\lx@inpgf@ignorespaces R\{-2k\}}⋯{\lx@inpgf@ignorespaces\cdots}0{\lx@inpgf@ignorespaces 0}0{\lx@inpgf@ignorespaces 0}⋯{\lx@inpgf@ignorespaces\cdots}R​{−2​l−2}{\lx@inpgf@ignorespaces R\{-2l-2\}}⋯{\lx@inpgf@ignorespaces\cdots}R​{−2​k−2}{\lx@inpgf@ignorespaces R\{-2k-2\}}⋯{\lx@inpgf@ignorespaces\cdots}R​{−2​k−2​l−2}{\lx@inpgf@ignorespaces R\{-2k-2l-2\}}X\scriptstyle{\lx@inpgf@ignorespaces X}X\scriptstyle{\lx@inpgf@ignorespaces X}X\scriptstyle{\lx@inpgf@ignorespaces X}X\scriptstyle{\lx@inpgf@ignorespaces X}0\scriptstyle{\lx@inpgf@ignorespaces 0}X\scriptstyle{\lx@inpgf@ignorespaces X}0\scriptstyle{\lx@inpgf@ignorespaces 0}0\scriptstyle{\lx@inpgf@ignorespaces 0}0\scriptstyle{\lx@inpgf@ignorespaces 0}X\scriptstyle{\lx@inpgf@ignorespaces X}X\scriptstyle{\lx@inpgf@ignorespaces X}X\scriptstyle{\lx@inpgf@ignorespaces X}X\scriptstyle{\lx@inpgf@ignorespaces X}

where the only non-zero component is at R​{−2​k}R\{-2k\} (which may coincide with R​{−2​l}R\{-2l\} if k=lk=l). The trace class of the morphism R​XCk(l)RX^{(l)}_{C_{k}} has bidegree (l,2​l+2)(l,2l+2). (R​XRX stands for shift right and apply XX.)

0NGN

Proof. We abbreviate 𝒞′:=H∙​(Chdg⁡(R−modgr.fr.))∗\mathcal{C}^{\prime}:=H^{\bullet}(\operatorname{Ch}_{\mathrm{dg}}(R\mathrm{-mod}^{\mathrm{gr.fr.}}))^{*}. Let 𝒞\mathcal{C} denote the full subcategory generated by the indecomposable objects CkC_{k}. By Fact 4.11 and the discussion of the beginning of the section, it suffices to compute the bigraded zeroth Hochschild homology of 𝒞\mathcal{C}. To this end, we study closed homogeneous endomorphisms of the objects CkC_{k} and trace relations between them.

We note that the components of a chain map between shifts of such objects can have quantum degree zero or two (a scalar multiple of IdR\operatorname{Id}_{R} or XRX_{R}). Since the differential in every complex is of quantum degree two, this means that closed morphisms with components of quantum degree zero are homotopic if and only if they are equal.

First we investigate the chain maps between shifts of objects ClC_{l} with components of quantum degree zero. For positive homological shifts (right shift) there are simply no closed morphisms, i.e. no chain maps. In shift zero we have the identity on every ClC_{l} (which does not factor through any CmC_{m} with m≠lm\neq l) and for negative homological shifts we have closed maps that factor into a composite of closed maps through a shift of a CmC_{m} with m<lm<l (by induction, one can show that their trace classes actually vanish). Thus in bidegree (0,0)(0,0) we have a basis of trace classes [IdCl][\operatorname{Id}_{C_{l}}] for l≥0l\geq 0.

Second we are interested in chain maps between shifts of objects ClC_{l} with components of quantum degree two. In negative homological shifts (left shift) all such maps are nullhomotopic. In non-negative homological shift, every such map is homotopic to a scalar multiple of R​XCk(l)RX^{(l)}_{C_{k}}. However, one easily checks that the trace class of R​XCk(l)RX^{(l)}_{C_{k}} equals the trace class of ±R​XCl(l)\pm RX^{(l)}_{C_{l}}. Since these have bidegree (l,2​l+2)(l,2l+2) in the enriched End\operatorname{End} of ClC_{l}, we see that they are linearly independent. ∎

Note that the bigraded zeroth Hochschild homology of H∙​(Chdg⁡(R−modgr.fr.))∗H^{\bullet}(\operatorname{Ch}_{\mathrm{dg}}(R\mathrm{-mod}^{\mathrm{gr.fr.}}))^{*} is not locally finite-dimensional! It is of countable dimension in bidegree (0,0)(0,0) with a basis given by [IdCl][\operatorname{Id}_{C_{l}}] for l≥0l\geq 0. Nevertheless, we have:

0NGP

Proposition 4.15. The bigraded vector spaces

𝒮02​(S1×B3,S1×P1,𝕜)≅HH0​(𝒮02​(B3,P1,𝕜))≅HH0​(𝐓2​(∗,∗))\mathcal{S}_{0}^{2}(S^{1}\times B^{3};S^{1}\times P_{1},\mathbbm{k})\cong\mathrm{HH}_{0}(\mathcal{S}_{0}^{2}(B^{3};P_{1},\mathbbm{k}))\cong\mathrm{HH}_{0}(\boldsymbol{\mathrm{T}}_{2}(*,*))

are four-dimensional, and in particular, locally finite-dimensional.

0NGQ

Proof. We have already explained the two isomorphisms. We now need to understand the essential image of 𝐓2​(∗,∗)\boldsymbol{\mathrm{T}}_{2}(*,*) under the full embedding into H∙​(Chdg⁡(R−modgr.fr.))∗H^{\bullet}(\operatorname{Ch}_{\mathrm{dg}}(R\mathrm{-mod}^{\mathrm{gr.fr.}}))^{*}. We claim that the invariant of any (1,1)(1,1)-tangle decomposes into (shifts of) the indecomposable summands C0C_{0} and C1C_{1}, but never ClC_{l} for l≥2l\geq 2. Provided this claim holds, we can compute HH0​(𝐓2​(∗,∗))\mathrm{HH}_{0}(\boldsymbol{\mathrm{T}}_{2}(*,*)) as the Hochschild homology of the full additive subcategory of H∙​(Chdg⁡(R−modgr.fr.))∗H^{\bullet}(\operatorname{Ch}_{\mathrm{dg}}(R\mathrm{-mod}^{\mathrm{gr.fr.}}))^{*} generated by C0C_{0} and C1C_{1}, and this again is isomorphic to the Hochschild homology of the full subcategory on the two objects C0C_{0} and C1C_{1}. Here we use that the zeroth Hochschild homology is preserved under proceeding to the additive and idempotent completion; see Fact 4.12. Following the same arguments as in Proposition 4.14, we see that it is 44-dimensional, spanned by [IdCl][\operatorname{Id}_{C_{l}}] and [R​XCl][RX_{C_{l}}] for l∈{0,1}l\in\{0,1\}

The key idea to prove the claim is that all complexes appearing in Khovanov homology come from complexes over 𝕜⁡[X]\mathbbm{k}[X] by setting X2=0X^{2}=0 (though certainly not all complexes over 𝕜⁡[X]/(X2)\mathbbm{k}[X]/(X^{2}) have this property). Indeed, one can use equivariant Khovanov homology, defined over the ring 𝕜⁡[X,α]/(X2−α)≅𝕜⁡[X]=:R′\mathbbm{k}[X,\alpha]/(X^{2}-\alpha)\cong\mathbbm{k}[X]=:R^{\prime} to simplify the complex of a (1,1)(1,1)-tangle into a complex of graded free 𝕜⁡[X]\mathbbm{k}[X]-modules. These decompose, up to homotopy equivalence and shift, into chain complexes of the form

C0:=0→0R′¯→00,andCk:=0→0R′¯→XkR′{−2k}→00 for k≥1C^{0}:=0\xrightarrow{0}\underline{R^{\prime}}\xrightarrow{0}0,\quad\text{and}\quad C^{k}:=\quad 0\xrightarrow{0}\underline{R^{\prime}}\xrightarrow{X^{k}}R^{\prime}\{-2k\}\xrightarrow{0}0\quad\text{ for }k\geq 1

Upon reducing to the ordinary Khovanov theory by tensoring with 𝕜⁡[X]/(X2)\mathbbm{k}[X]/(X^{2}) over 𝕜⁡[X]\mathbbm{k}[X], these complexes decompose into (shifts of) copies of C0C_{0} and C1C_{1}. ∎

0NGR

Remark 4.16. A strong version of the so-called knight move conjecture posited that the complex of any long knot decomposes (up to homotopy equivalence) into one shifted copy of C0C_{0} and some number of copies of C1C_{1}; see [19, Conjecture 1]. The argument in the previous proof shows that this can fail only due to the presence of more than one shifted copy of C0C_{0}. Three copies of C0C_{0} can be detected in the counterexample to the knight move conjecture found by Manolescu–Marengon [24].

0NGS

Remark 4.17. One can also consider analogs of the skein modules 𝒮0N\mathcal{S}_{0}^{N} based on equivariant or deformed versions of 𝔤​𝔩N\mathfrak{gl}_{N} homology. For example, in one common choice for N=2N=2 one works over R′=𝕜⁡[X,α]/(X2=α)R^{\prime}=\mathbbm{k}[X,\alpha]/(X^{2}=\alpha). We can also try to compute the bigraded zeroth Hochschild homology of the 3-ball category with two points and of its ambient category H∙​(Chdg⁡(R′−modgr.fr.))∗H^{\bullet}(\operatorname{Ch}_{\mathrm{dg}}(R^{\prime}\mathrm{-mod}^{\mathrm{gr.fr.}}))^{*} in this setting. We have already listed the indecomposable of the latter above: the chain complexes CkC^{k}. For k≥1k\geq 1 the enriched isomorphism algebra of the complex CkC^{k} is isomorphic to R′​[η]/(Xk=0)R^{\prime}[\eta]/(X^{k}=0) where η\eta is of bidegree (1,2​k)(1,2k). The trace classes of η\eta and its multiples are zero. Moreover, the trace class of XxX^{x} is zero for every x>0x>0. This leaves the trace classes of the identities of CkC^{k} for k≥0k\geq 0 and the trace class of XC0X_{C^{0}} as linearly independent — the zeroth Hochschild homology is not locally finite-dimensional. However, it is currently not known which CkC^{k} appear in complexes of (1,1)(1,1)-tangles. A copy of C3C^{3} appears in [24].

Original mathematics by the credited authors. Source collection and HTML conversion remain in progress.

Ciprian Manolescu, Kevin Walker, Paul Wedrich

Original source: arXiv:2206.04616v2